γύψος Ancient Greek · revision 2338

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=borrowing|attested=5th century BC, Herodotus|origins=akk gaṣṣu}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /ɡýp.sos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈʝyp.sos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈʝyp.sos/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''γῠ́ψος''' (gúpsos) ''f'' (genitive γῠ́ψου); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably a Semitic loanword.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(Rosół 2013) Rosół's source is [[bor|akk|gaṣṣu|t=gypsum]], with Aramaic and Syriac gaṣṣā and Arabic ǧiṣṣ, noting that Semitic /ṣ/ rendered as ψ has no parallel in other loanwords.^(Rosół 2013)^(Πάπυρος) Beekes marks the Semitic origin with a question mark, and Wiktionary calls it of unknown origin, possibly a wandering word.^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Herodotus uses it of chalk or gypsum with which warriors painted their bodies.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Plato uses it as a type of whiteness.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940) Theophrastus, in his work on stones, uses it for gypsum and for the cement made from it, and Diodorus and Arrian describe bricks set in gypsum mortar.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE) It was also used as a cosmetic and for making statues.^(DGE)

+

+ Latin borrowed it as [[m|la|gypsum]], and Arabic as جبس.^(Wiktionary)^(DGE) Medieval Greek made it masculine, as in Modern Greek [[m|el|γύψος|tr=gýpsos]], which is also a plaster cast.^(Kriaras)^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus: chalk as war paint.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Plato uses it as an image of whiteness.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 4th–3rd century BC – Theophrastus describes gypsum and gypsum cement.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 10th century – the masculine gender is recorded.^(Kriaras)

+ * Modern Greek – γύψος “gypsum, plaster”.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|chalk]], as body paint.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # [[m|en|gypsum]].^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ # Gypsum [[m|en|plaster]] or [[m|en|cement]].^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[γυψόω|tr=gupsóō]]

+ * [[γύψινος|tr=gúpsinos]]

+ * [[γυψοειδής|tr=gupsoeidḗs]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|gypsum]]

+ * [[en|gypsum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}