σάτυρος Ancient Greek · revision 2300

+ {{infobox|confidence=unknown|attested=before the 6th century BC, Hesiod}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /sá.ty.ros/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈsa.ty.ros/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈsa.ty.ros/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''σᾰ́τῠρος''' (sáturos) ''m'' (genitive σᾰτῠ́ρου); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Doric [[Τίτυρος|tr=Títuros]].^(LSJ 1940)^(Πάπυρος)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The etymology is unknown, and Frisk calls it no doubt a foreign word.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(Etymonline) Beekes reviews a number of proposals and finds that none of them makes sense: a compound of a word for “penis” and a root “to swell” (Solmsen); an Illyrian word related to [[la|sator|t=sower]] (Krahe) or to [[m|la|satur|t=full]] (Kerényi); a connection with goats or with tails (the “Pelasgian” theories).^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) A Semitic etymology is rejected by Rosół.^(Rosół 2013)

+

+ For such a mythical name, Beekes considers Pre-Greek origin likely, supported by the suffix -υρ-, and compares [[Σιληνός|tr=Silēnós]] and [[τίτυρος|tr=títuros]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Beekes 2014)^(PHILOGLOSSA)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first known use is in a fragment of Hesiod, which speaks of the “race of worthless and useless satyrs”.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)^(PHILOGLOSSA)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The satyrs belong to the company of Dionysus and were often represented as goats or with goat features.^(Beekes 2010)^(Πάπυρος) PHILOGLOSSA notes that they were confused with the Silens already in early myth.^(Beekes 2010)^(PHILOGLOSSA)^(Πάπυρος) Plural Σάτυροι was the name of the satyr play, which had a chorus of satyrs and formed the fourth piece of a tragic tetralogy.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ The word was applied to people: Hermippus called Pericles “king of the satyrs”, and Plato's ''Symposium'' calls Socrates a satyr, because of his appearance according to LSJ, or his irony according to Πάπυρος.^(LSJ 1940)^(Πάπυρος) It was used for a lewd man, and Pausanias and Aelian for a kind of tailed ape.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010) Diodorus places a fabulous people of Satyrs in Ethiopia.^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ Through [[la|satyrus]] and Old French it gave English [[m|en|satyr]] (late 14th century).^(Etymonline) Modern Greek [[m|el|σάτυρος|tr=sátiros]] means a lecher or a very ugly man.^(Πάπυρος)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before the 6th century BC – Hesiod mentions the race of satyrs.^(LSJ 1940)^(PHILOGLOSSA)^(DGE)

+ * 5th century BC – the comic poet Hermippus calls Pericles “king of the satyrs”.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Aristophanes uses Σάτυροι for the satyr play, and Plato calls Socrates a satyr.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 2nd century AD – Pausanias uses it for a tailed ape.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)^(DGE)

+ * Late 14th century – English ''satyr''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|satyr]], one of the goatish companions of [[Διόνυσος|tr=Diónusos|alt=Dionysus]].^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+ # A lewd, goatish man.^(LSJ 1940)^(Πάπυρος)

+ # A kind of tailed [[m|en|ape]].^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+ # ''(plural)'' A [[m|en|satyr play]].^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[σατυρικός|tr=saturikós]]

+ * [[σατυρίσκος|tr=saturískos]]

+ * [[σατυρίασις|tr=saturíāsis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Σιληνός|tr=Silēnós]]

+ * [[en|satyr]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}