κρατήρ Ancient Greek · revision 2285

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *ḱerh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /kraː.tɛ̌ːr/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /kraˈtir/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /kraˈtir/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''κρᾱτήρ''' (krātḗr) ''m'' (genitive κρᾱτῆρος); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Ionic and epic [[κρητήρ|tr=krētḗr]].^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is derived from the root of [[κεράννυμι|tr=keránnumi|t=to mix]] with the suffix [[m|grc|-τήρ|tr=-tḗr]], which formed names of tools and vessels as well as agents.^(Wiktionary)^(Debrunner 1917)^(LSJ 1940) Its κρᾱ- is the zero grade of [[ine-pro|*ḱerh₂-|t=to mix]], the same as in [[ἄκρατος|tr=ákratos]] “unmixed”, which matches [[sa|आशीर्त|tr=ā́śīrta-|t=mixed]].^(Wiktionary)^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer uses it for the large bowl in which wine was mixed with water before it was drawn off into cups; he describes bowls of silver and of gold.^(LSJ 1940)^(Cunliffe 1924)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Homer a bowl of wine was set up to celebrate a deliverance.^(LSJ 1940) Sophocles mentions the libation of the third bowl.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) Metaphorically Pindar calls a messenger “a mixing bowl of songs”, Aeschylus speaks of a criminal who fills a bowl of evils at home and drains it himself, and Aristophanes calls an informer a “bowl of troubles”.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ The sense “bowl-shaped hollow” appears in Sophocles and Plato, and Aristotle and Polybius use it for the mouth of a volcano.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) It also named a constellation, the Cup.^(LSJ 1940)^(Wiktionary) It was borrowed as [[la|crātēr]], and it survives as [[el|κρατήρας|tr=kratíras]].^(Wiktionary)^(Kriaras)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – the mixing bowl for wine.^(LSJ 1940)^(Cunliffe 1924)

+ * 6th century BC – an inscription from Sigeum mentions a κρητήρ and its stand.^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 6th–5th century BC – Pindar uses it figuratively for a messenger bearing an ode.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 4th century BC – Aristotle uses it for the crater of a volcano.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 2nd century AD – Ptolemy names the constellation of the Cup.^(LSJ 1940)

+ * Modern Greek – κρατήρας.^(Wiktionary)^(Kriaras)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|krater]], a large mixing bowl in which wine was mixed with water.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # A bowl of mixed wine, as offered or drunk.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A bowl filled with evils, songs and the like.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # A bowl-shaped hollow in rock, a basin.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # The [[m|en|crater]] of a volcano.^(LSJ 1940)

+ # ''(astronomy)'' The constellation [[m|en|Crater]], the Cup.^(LSJ 1940)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[κεράννυμι|tr=keránnumi]]

+ * [[ἄκρατος|tr=ákratos]]

+ * [[la|crater|alt=crātēr]]

+ * [[en|crater]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}