κάμινος Ancient Greek · revision 2284

+ {{infobox|confidence=unknown|formation=borrowing|attested=Homeric Epigrams}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /ká.miː.nos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈka.mi.nos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈka.mi.nos/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''κάμῑνος''' (kámīnos) ''f'' (genitive καμῑ́νου); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Late κάμινη (papyri, 6th century AD).^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a technical loanword of unknown origin.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(Wiktionary) Beekes notes that the suffix -ῑνος is typical of Pre-Greek, and marks the word with a question mark as possibly Pre-Greek.^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary) The comparison with [[καμάρα|tr=kamára|t=vaulted chamber]], made by older scholars and still mentioned by LSJ, has little value; a connection with [[cu|камꙑ|tr=kamy|t=stone]] is possible, but would mean a loan from the north or the east.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ It was borrowed as [[la|camīnus|t=furnace, fireplace]], the source of [[gmh|kamīn]] and other European words for a fireplace or chimney.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) It also passed into Aramaic, and through Aramaic into Arabic.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first known use is in the Homeric Epigrams.^(Beekes 2010)^(LSJ 1940) Herodotus and Aeschylus have it soon after.^(Beekes 2010)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Herodotus uses it for kilns in which bricks were fired and for an oven for roasting.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940) Xenophon uses it for smelting furnaces, and the Anacreontea for the forge of Hephaestus.^(CGL 2021)^(BDAG 2000)^(LSJ 1940) Galen uses it for a flue that heats a room.^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ In the Septuagint the “furnace of fire” is where the three young men are thrown in Daniel, and in the New Testament it becomes an image of hell.^(BDAG 2000)^(CGL 2021) Comic proverbs called a man who ate scalding food “a furnace, not a man”, and a drunkard “one with a furnace in his lungs”.^(LSJ 1940)^(Πάπυρος) Medieval Greek also used it for a funeral pyre.^(Πάπυρος) It survives as a learned word in Modern Greek, where the everyday form is [[el|καμίνι|tr=kamíni]]; [[ro|cămin]] comes from it.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homeric Epigrams – the first known use.^(Beekes 2010)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus describes brick kilns.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Xenophon mentions smelting furnaces.^(BDAG 2000)^(DGE)

+ * 1st century AD – the New Testament: the “furnace of fire” as an image of hell.^(BDAG 2000)^(CGL 2021)

+ * 2nd century AD – Galen uses it for a flue heating a room.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * Modern Greek – κάμινος (learned), καμίνι.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(Πάπυρος)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An [[m|en|oven]] for roasting.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # A [[m|en|kiln]] for firing bricks and pottery.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # A [[m|en|furnace]] for smelting or metalwork; the forge of Hephaestus.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # A flue for heating a room.^(LSJ 1940)

+ # ''(New Testament)'' The furnace of hell.^(CGL 2021)^(BDAG 2000)

+ # ''(Septuagint)'' An alcove.^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[καμινεύς|tr=kamineús]]

+ * [[καμινεύω|tr=kamineúō]]

+ * [[καμίνιον|tr=kamínion]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|caminus|alt=camīnus]]

+ * [[en|chimney]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}