ἄνεμος Ancient Greek · revision 2263

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Mycenaean (Linear B)|origins=ine-pro *h₂enh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /á.ne.mos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈa.ne.mos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈa.ne.mos/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ᾰ̓́νεμος''' (ánemos) ''m'' (genitive ᾰ̓νέμου); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Mycenaean (Knossos) [[gmy|a-ne-mo]], in [[gmy|a-ne-mo i-je-re-ja]] “priestess of the winds”.^(Beekes 2010)^(DGE)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*ánemos]],^(Wiktionary) [[inh|ine-pro|*h₂enh₁mos]], a noun from [[m|ine-pro|*h₂enh₁-|t=to breathe]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary) It agrees with [[la|animus]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) [[sa|अनिल|tr=ánila|t=wind, air]] has an l-suffix instead, and [[xcl|հողմ|tr=hołm|t=wind]], whose connection Wiktionary calls disputed, arose by dissimilation of n–m and has an o-vowel.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(Wiktionary) Beekes suggests an original m-stem with nominative [[m|ine-pro|*h₂onh₁-m]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The verbal root is seen in Sanskrit ániti “breathes”, [[sga|anaid|t=waits, remains]] and Gothic us-anan “to exhale”; [[ἄσθμα|tr=ásthma]] belongs to it too.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ Ancient grammarians derived it from [[ἄημι|tr=áēmi]] “to blow”, reading the etymology into a line of the Odyssey about the “force of blowing winds”, or explained it as a privative compound, “that which does not stay”, from [[μένω|tr=ménō]].^(Etygram)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Tablets from Knossos name a “priestess of the winds”.^(Beekes 2010)^(DGE) In Homer it is a wind or the wind, often joined with the names Boreas or Zephyrus, and in the plural the winds that drive ships and storms.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Euripides has “to give something to the winds”, to cast it away, and the comic poet Eupolis called an unstable man “a wind”.^(LSJ 1940) Hippocratic writers describe sudden clashes of opposing winds, and Aristotle uses κατ’ ἄνεμον for “to leeward”.^(DGE)^(LSJ 1940) The derivative [[ἀνεμία|tr=anemía]] meant flatulence in Hippocratic medicine, and Byzantine Greek used ἄνεμος itself for intestinal gas.^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ In the Septuagint and the New Testament the four winds are the four quarters of the earth, and in the Gospels Jesus stills the wind of a storm.^(Lust 2003)^(CGL 2021)^(BDAG 2000) Medieval vernacular Greek also used it for a demon and, figuratively, for anything empty or unattainable.^(Kriaras) It survives unchanged as [[el|άνεμος|tr=ánemos]], with phrases such as κόντρα στον άνεμο, “against the wind”, of going against the mainstream.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(Etygram)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Mycenaean – a “priestess of the winds” at Knossos.^(Beekes 2010)^(DGE)

+ * Homer – the wind, with Boreas and Zephyrus.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus writes of the “breaths of the winds”, and Thucydides of a gale coming on.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 4th century BC – Aristotle uses κατ’ ἄνεμον, “to leeward”.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 1st century AD – the New Testament: the four winds, the stilling of a storm.^(CGL 2021)^(BDAG 2000)

+ * Byzantine Greek – also intestinal gas.^(Wiktionary)

+ * Modern Greek – άνεμος.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|wind|alt=Wind]], breeze, [[m|en|gale]].^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' The wind of fortune, and ''(plural)'' powerful emotions (Sophocles).^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(plural, with “four”)'' The four quarters, the [[m|en|cardinal direction|alt=cardinal directions]].^(CGL 2021)^(Lust 2003)

+ # ''(Byzantine)'' Intestinal gas, [[m|en|flatulence]].^(Wiktionary)^(Kriaras)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ἀνεμώλιος|tr=anemṓlios]]

+ * [[ἀνεμώνη|tr=anemṓnē]]

+ * [[ἠνεμόεις|tr=ēnemóeis]]

+ * [[ποδήνεμος|tr=podḗnemos]]

+ * [[προσήνεμος|tr=prosḗnemos]]

+ * [[ὑπήνεμος|tr=hupḗnemos]]

+ * [[ἀνέμη|tr=anémē]]

+ * [[ἀνεμώδης|tr=anemṓdēs]]

+ * [[νήνεμος|tr=nḗnemos]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ἄσθμα|tr=ásthma]]

+ * [[la|animus]]

+ * [[en|anemone]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}