μανία Ancient Greek · revision 2228

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=6th century BC, Theognis|origins=ine-pro *men-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /ma.ní.aː/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /maˈni.a/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /maˈni.a/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''μᾰνῐ́ᾱ''' (maníā) ''f'' (genitive μᾰνῐ́ᾱς); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Ionic μανίη.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|grc|μαίνομαι|-ία|tr1=maínomai|tr2=-íā|t1=to rage, be mad]], formed from the root of the verb.^(Wiktionary)^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ [[m|grc|μαίνομαι|tr=maínomai]] is an old present *mn̥-yé/ó- of the root [[m|ine-pro|*men-|t=to think]], formally matching Sanskrit [[m|sa|मन्यते|tr=mányate|t=thinks]], Old Church Slavonic [[m|cu|мьнѣти|tr=mĭněti|t=to think]] and Lithuanian [[m|lt|miniu|alt=miniù|t=to remember]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(LIV 2001)^(Wiktionary) In Greek the general sense “to think” turned very early to that of frenzy.^(Πάπυρος) The same root gives [[μένος|tr=ménos|t=fury, might]] and [[μέμονα|tr=mémona|t=to be eager]], and Latin [[m|la|meminī|t=I remember]] and [[m|la|moneō|t=to warn]].^(Beekes 2010)^(LIV 2001)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in the elegies of Theognis, where Madness is also personified.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Greek it is madness or insanity: Herodotus speaks of madness as a disease, the Hippocratic writers treat it in medicine, and Sophocles uses it in tragedy.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) By exaggeration it is used of stupid or outrageous behaviour, in Aristophanes and the orators.^(CGL 2021)

+

+ A madness could also come from the gods: Euripides speaks of the madness sent by Dionysus, and Plato in the ''Phaedrus'' praises the possession and madness that come from the Muses, setting divine madness above human self-control; in the ''Symposium'' he speaks of the “madness and Bacchic frenzy” of philosophy.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) Love, too, is a madness, from Anacreon and Ibycus to Plato's “erotic madness”, and later it is a mad desire for something.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) A drinking song uses it of the fury of a wind.^(CGL 2021)

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+ The Septuagint has it for madness,^(Lust 2003) and in Acts the governor Festus tells Paul that his great learning is driving him mad.^(BDAG 2000)^(Spicq 1994)

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+ Medieval vernacular Greek used it for madness, great anger, warlike fury, violence, hatred and passion.^(Kriaras) In Modern Greek [[m|el|μανία|tr=manía]] is above all a passion or obsession for something, and violence or fury; in psychiatry it is a mental disorder.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(Πάπυρος)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 6th century BC – Theognis personifies Madness.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus calls madness a disease.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ * 5th century BC – Euripides speaks of the madness sent by Dionysus.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Plato praises divine madness in the ''Phaedrus''.^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 1st century AD – Festus tells Paul that learning is driving him mad.^(BDAG 2000)

+ * 1100–1669 – Medieval vernacular Greek uses it also for anger and fury.^(Kriaras)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|madness]], insanity, and by exaggeration folly.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(personified)'' Madness.^(CGL 2021)

+ # A frenzy sent by the gods; inspiration, as from the Muses.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # The madness of love; a mad desire for something.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # Fury, as of a wind.^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[μανικός|tr=manikós]]

+ * [[μανιακός|tr=maniakós]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[μαίνομαι|tr=maínomai]]

+ * [[μαινάς|tr=mainás]]

+ * [[μάντις|tr=mántis]]

+ * [[en|mania]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Hesychius explains it as anger, rage and wrath.^(Hesychius)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}