δόξα Ancient Greek · revision 2210

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *deḱ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /dók.sa/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈðok.sa/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈðok.sa/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''δόξᾰ''' (dóxa) ''f'' (genitive δόξης); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It belongs with [[m|grc|δοκέω|tr=dokéō|t=to expect, think; to seem]] (future δόξω, aorist ἔδοξα), but how it was formed is unclear.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(LSJ 1940) The DGE thinks it most likely a formation in -σα, like [[δίψα|tr=dípsa]] and [[Μοῦσα|tr=Moûsa]], built on δοκέω.^(DGE) Leumann rejected older reconstructions such as *δόκ-σα, and started instead from the phrase παρὰ (τὸ) δόξαν “contrary to what seemed”, with the neuter of the aorist participle reinterpreted as a feminine noun.^(Frisk 1960)^(Beekes 2010) Frisk thought this worth considering, Beekes and the DGE improbable.^(Frisk 1960)^(Beekes 2010)^(DGE) Wiktionary sets up Proto-Indo-European [[m|ine-pro|*dóḱs(e)h₂]].^(Wiktionary) Beekes adds that the short final -α could also point to a Pre-Greek word.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ [[m|grc|δοκέω|tr=dokéō]] is itself a secondary verb from [[δέχομαι|tr=dékhomai|t=to receive, accept]], from Proto-Indo-European [[m|ine-pro|*deḱ-|t=to take, accept]], and corresponds to Latin [[m|la|doceō|t=to teach]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer has it twice, in the phrase οὐδ᾽ ἀπὸ δόξης, “not short of expectation”.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense is expectation: Herodotus has things turning out παρὰ δόξαν, “contrary to expectation”.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE) After Homer it came to mean an opinion or judgement, whether right or wrong: Parmenides contrasts the “opinions of mortals” with truth, Plato sets δόξα against knowledge (ἐπιστήμη) and speaks of true and false opinions, and Aristotle calls axioms “common opinions”.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)^(Spicq 1994) Epicurus' ''Principal Doctrines'' are his Κύριαι δόξαι.^(LSJ 1940) It could also mean a mere conjecture, or a fancy or vision, as in Aeschylus and of a dream in Euripides.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ The opinion that others hold of a person, reputation, appears first in Solon, and it was usually good repute, honour and glory: Demosthenes speaks of men who chose glory rather than life.^(LSJ 1940) Hellenistic inscriptions praise citizens for the glory of their city.^(Spicq 1994)

+

+ In the Septuagint the word changed more than any other: it renders Hebrew ''kāḇôḏ'', “weight, honour”, and almost never means “opinion”, but the majesty and radiant splendour of God.^(Spicq 1994)^(LSJ 1940)^(Wiktionary) The New Testament uses it for brightness, as of the light on the road to Damascus, for the glory of God and of heaven, and in the plural for glorious beings.^(BDAG 2000)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ Medieval vernacular Greek used it for repute and honour, for the glory of God, for brightness and for the rainbow;^(Kriaras) in Byzantine painting it is the mandorla round Christ.^(Πάπυρος)^(Wiktionary) Modern Greek [[m|el|δόξα|tr=dóxa]] means glory and fame.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' use it for expectation.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 7th–6th century BC – Solon uses it for reputation.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 6th–5th century BC – Parmenides speaks of the opinions of mortals.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Plato contrasts opinion with knowledge.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 4th century BC – Demosthenes uses it for glory.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 1st century AD – The New Testament uses it for the radiance and glory of God.^(BDAG 2000)

+ * 1100–1669 – Medieval vernacular Greek uses it also for the rainbow.^(Kriaras)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|expectation]].^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # An [[m|en|opinion]], judgement, notion.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # Mere opinion, conjecture.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # A fancy or vision; a dream.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # A good opinion of oneself, [[m|en|conceit]].^(CGL 2021)

+ # [[m|en|reputation]], repute, usually good.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # Honour, [[m|en|glory]].^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(Koine)'' Splendour, radiance, especially of the presence of God.^(LSJ 1940)^(BDAG 2000)

+ # ''(New Testament, plural)'' Glorious beings.^(LSJ 1940)

+ # ''(medieval)'' The rainbow; the mandorla in icons.^(Kriaras)^(Πάπυρος)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[δοξάζω|tr=doxázō]]

+ * [[εὔδοξος|tr=eúdoxos]]

+ * [[κακόδοξος|tr=kakódoxos]]

+ * [[παράδοξος|tr=parádoxos]]

+ * [[δοξολογία|tr=doxologíā]]

+ * [[ἑτερόδοξος|tr=heteródoxos]]

+ * [[ὀρθόδοξος|tr=orthódoxos]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[δέχομαι|tr=dékhomai]]

+ * [[δοκέω|tr=dokéō]]

+ * [[δόξις|tr=dóxis]]

+ * [[δόγμα|tr=dógma]]

+ * [[en|paradox]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Plato's ''Cratylus'' derives δόξα from [[δίωξις|tr=díōxis|t=pursuit]], the soul's pursuit of knowledge, or from [[τόξον|tr=tóxon|t=bow]].^(Etygram)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}