cartel English · revision 2083

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kɑːˈtɛl/ ''(UK)''; /kɑɹˈtɛl/ ''(US)''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|frm|cartel|t=letter of defiance]],^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU) [[der|it|cartello|t=placard, poster]],^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU) a diminutive of ''carta'' “paper, card”,^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate) [[der|la|charta|t=paper, papyrus]].^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1995) The business sense came through [[de|Kartell]], itself from French.^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) It is related to [[card]] and [[chart]].^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A written challenge, a letter of defiance (1560; 1550s in Etymonline).^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ A paper with writing on it could carry a challenge to a duel, and that was the first English sense.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1995)^(RHWU) From the 1690s it also meant a written agreement between states at war, especially for exchanging prisoners.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)^(MW Collegiate) In the 1880s it was used for a political coalition in Germany,^(OED 1989) and around 1900 it took, via German ''Kartell'', its modern sense of an association of businesses formed to fix prices or limit competition.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1995)^(OED 1989) The older American word for this was ''trust''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1560 – a written challenge.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1995)

+ * 1590 – a slanderous writing (obsolete).^(OED 1989)

+ * 1692 – an agreement for the exchange of prisoners.^(OED 1989)^(MW Collegiate)

+ * 1889 – a German political coalition.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1902 – an association of businesses regulating output and prices.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1995)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An association of independent businesses formed to control production, prices or marketing and to limit competition.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+ # An official agreement between nations at war, especially for the exchange of prisoners.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A coalition of political parties or groups united in a common cause.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A written challenge to a duel.^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cartelism]]

+ * [[cartelist]]

+ * [[cartelize]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[card]]

+ * [[chart]]

+ * [[charter]]

+ * [[trust]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}