during English · revision 1843

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation, calque|attested=c. 1385|origins=ine-pro *deru-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈdʒʊə.rɪŋ/, /ˈdjʊə-/, /ˈdʒɔː-/ ''(UK)''; /ˈdʊr.ɪŋ/, /ˈdjʊr-/ ''(US)''^(Roach et al. 2011)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|duryng]], earlier [[m|enm|durand]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1995) the present participle of [[m|enm|duren|t=to last, endure]] (see [[dure]]),^(Etymonline)^(AHD)^(COED 2004) [[bor|fro|durer|t=to last]], from [[la|dūrāre|t=to harden; to last]], from [[m|la|dūrus|t=hard]],^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate) from [[ine-pro|*deru-|t=to be firm, solid, steadfast]].^(Etymonline)^(AHD 2000) Its use as a preposition imitates the Latin ablative absolute, as in [[m|la|dūrante bellō|t=while the war lasts]], literally “the war enduring”;^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Klein 1966) Hoad derives it from [[fro|durant]],^(Hoad 1986) and Barnhart notes that ''during'' gradually replaced both ''durand'' and [[m|enm|duraunt]], the latter borrowed from the French word.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Throughout the continuance of, in the time of (as a preposition c. 1385 in the OED, before 1387 in Trevisa's translation of Higden's ''Polychronicon'').^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The participle at first stood before its noun in the Latin manner, so that ''during the day'' meant “while the day endures”;^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) once ''during'' came before all kinds of nouns it was treated as a preposition of time, and gradually replaced ''durand''.^(Barnhart 1988) Johnson (1755) still explained it as “rather a participle from ''dure''”, as in ''during life'', Latin ''durante vita''.^(Johnson 1755) From the late 16th to the late 17th century it was also a conjunction, “while, until”.^(SOED 2002)^(OED 1989) The adjective ''during'', “lasting, enduring”, recorded from 1398, is now archaic,^(HTOED)^(MWU 2024) and the verb ''dure'' itself survived only until the 19th century.^(LDOCE 2009)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * mid-13th century – the verb ''duren'', to last.^(Etymonline)

+ * mid-14th century – ''durand''.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1995)

+ * c. 1385 – preposition, throughout.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1398 – adjective, lasting.^(HTOED)

+ * 1595 – conjunction, while, until (obsolete).^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # Throughout the whole [[duration]] of: ''food shortages during the war''.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(COED 2004)

+ # At some point in the course of: ''born during a blizzard''.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[durable]]

+ * [[duration]]

+ * [[endure]]

+ * [[dure]]

+ * [[obdurate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}