supersum Latin · revision 18170

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *upér, ine-pro *h₁es-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [sʊˈpɛr.sũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [suˈpɛr.sum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''supersum''' (present infinitive superesse, perfect active superfuī, future active participle superfutūrus); irregular conjugation, suppletive, no passive, no supine stem except in the future active participle, no gerund^(Wiktionary)

+ The parts are sometimes separated or inverted, especially in poetry: Virgil has ''iamque adeō super ūnus eram'', “and now I alone was left”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ Ennius and Accius have an inceptive form ''superescit'' with the force of a future.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|super-|sum|t1=above, over|t2=to be]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) [[m|la|super]] goes back to [[itc-pro|*super]] and [[ine-pro|*upér|t=over, above]], with an added ⟨s-⟩ as in [[sub]];^(de Vaan 2008) [[m|la|sum]] goes back to [[ine-pro|*h₁es-|t=to be]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first citation is Plautus: ''sī quid super illī fuerit, id nōbīs sat est'', “if anything is left over for him, that is enough for us”.^(OLD 2012) Ennius has ''sibi memorat ūnum superesse labōrem'', “he says one task remains for him”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Superesse'' is “to be left over, remain” (Cato of the space between two trees), and of persons “to remain alive, survive”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It is “to remain to be done”, “to be still available” to someone, and “to be more than is needed, superfluous”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Less often it is “to be above, on top of” and “to be superior to”, and of an advocate “to stand by” a client.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “be over and above, remain, be left, be superfluous, survive, suffice”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''sī quid super illī fuerit''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''ūnum superesse labōrem''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of space left over.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil: ''super ūnus eram''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be left over, [[m|en|remain]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To remain alive, [[m|en|survive]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To remain to be done.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be still available (to someone).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be more than enough, be [[m|en|superfluous]]; to abound.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To be above; to be superior to.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To stand by, support (a client, of an [[m|en|advocate]]).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sum]]

+ * [[super]]

+ * [[superstes]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}