supero Latin · revision 18166

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=204–169 BC, Ennius|origins=ine-pro *upér}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsʊ.pɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsuː.pe.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''superō''' (present infinitive superāre, perfect active superāvī, supine superātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|superus|t=upper, above]] with the verb ending ⟨-ō⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) [[m|la|superus]] is from [[m|la|super|t=above]],^(Wiktionary) which goes back to [[itc-pro|*supero-|t=upper]] and [[ine-pro|*upér|t=over, above]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ L&S's first example is Ennius: ''maximō saltū superābit gravidus armātīs equus'', “the horse, pregnant with armed men, will leap the wall in one great bound”, of the Trojan horse.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lucilius uses it of a wave rising above the masthead.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Superāre'' is “to climb over” an obstacle and of things “to rise above, overtop”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It is most often “to surpass, excel” someone in a quality, and “to overcome, defeat” an enemy, or absolutely “to gain the upper hand”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) It also means “to surmount” difficulties.^(OLD 2012) Intransitively it is “to be more than enough” (Cicero: it is a fault in a speech both to lack a part and to have too much), “to be left over, remain, survive”, and apparently “to lie beyond”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “overcome, conquer”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''maximō saltū superābit''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius uses it of a wave.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of having too much.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of goats climbing over a threshold.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To climb over; to rise above, overtop.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|surpass]], excel, outdo.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|overcome]], [[m|en|defeat]], [[m|en|conquer]]; to prevail.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To surmount (difficulties).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be more than enough, abound.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be left over, remain; to survive.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To lie beyond.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[exsuperō]]

+ * [[insuperatus]]

+ * [[superābilis]]

+ * [[superāmentum]]

+ * [[superātiō]]

+ * [[superātor]]

+ * [[superātrix]]

+ * [[superāns]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[superus]]

+ * [[super]]

+ * [[supersum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}