impello Latin · revision 18145

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=204–169 BC, Ennius|origins=ine-pro *pelh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɪmˈpɛl.loː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [imˈpɛl.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''impellō''' (present infinitive impellere, perfect active impulī, supine impulsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''inpellō'';^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Terence has a perfect subjunctive ''inpepulerim'', and Lucretius the passive infinitive ''inpellier''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|in-|pellō|t1=against, into|t2=to push, drive]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) De Vaan derives [[m|la|pellō]] from [[itc-pro|*pelna-|t=to approach]], [[ine-pro|*pl-n(e)-h₂-|t=to approach]], with a shift from “bring close to” to “push”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Ennius has ''manū magnā Rōmānōs impulit amnis'', “the river drove the Romans on with a mighty hand”.^(OLD 2012) Trabea has ''adveniēns digitō impellam iānuam'', “on my arrival I will push the door with a finger”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Impellere'' is “to strike against, push” (Cicero: being pushed against the arch of Fabius), “to drive forward, set in motion” (Pacuvius: wherever chance sent the stone), and “to drive” animals or carts.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) In war it is “to drive back” the enemy's line (Livy: ''impulsa frōns prīma'', “the front line was driven in”), and “to knock down, overthrow” (Virgil of a tower).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Figuratively it is “to urge, incite, persuade” someone to an action or opinion.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “push, thrust, impel, urge on, incite”.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|impel]] comes from it in the early 15th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''Rōmānōs impulit amnis''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius uses it of a stone sent by chance.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the feelings of an audience.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy: ''impulsa frōns prīma''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|impel]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To strike against, push.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To drive forward, set in motion, [[m|en|propel]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To drive (animals, carts).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(military)'' To drive back, rout.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To knock down, [[m|en|overthrow]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|urge]], [[m|en|incite]], persuade.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[impulsiō]]

+ * [[impulsor]]

+ * [[impulstrix]]

+ * [[impulsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[appellō]]

+ * [[aspellō]]

+ * [[compellō]]

+ * [[dēpellō]]

+ * [[dispellō]]

+ * [[expellō]]

+ * [[interpellō]]

+ * [[pellō]]

+ * [[perpellō]]

+ * [[prōpellō]]

+ * [[en|impel]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}