extra Latin · revision 18141

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₁eǵʰs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɛk.straː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɛk.stra]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''extrā''' (comparative exterius, no superlative)^(Wiktionary)

+ The archaic form ''extrād'' or ''exstrad'' occurs repeatedly in the decree on the Bacchanalia.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ The comparative adverb is ''exterius''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is contracted from ⟨*exterā (parte)⟩, “on the outer side”, the ablative feminine of [[m|la|exter|t=outer]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Compare [[osc|ehtrad|t=outside]].^(OLD 2012) [[m|la|exter]] is from [[m|la|ex|t=out of]], which goes back to [[ine-pro|*h₁éǵʰs|t=out]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Plautus.^(Köbler 2010) Ennius has ''occumbunt multī lētum … aut intrā mūrōs aut extrā'', “many meet their death, within the walls or outside”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As an adverb ''extrā'' is “outside” (Cicero: some goods are in the body, some outside it), “outwards”, “from outside”, and in Seneca “besides, in addition”;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''extrā quam (sī)'' is “except, unless”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) As a preposition with the accusative it is “outside, beyond” (''extrā ōrdinem'', ''extrā fīnēs''), “not belonging to” a class (Cicero: the most eloquent man outside our order), “beyond the reach of, free from” (''extrā perīculum''), and “except, apart from”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ In Church Latin it is also “without, besides”, and it forms terms such as ''extrāsacrāmentālis''.^(Stelten 1995) Etymonline notes that as a prefix ''extrā-'' is classical only in ''[[extraordinārius]]'' but became common in Medieval Latin and modern formations, the source of English [[m|en|extra-]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''aut intrā mūrōs aut extrā''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of persons outside the senatorial order.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|outside]], on the outside; outwards; from outside.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Besides, in addition.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''extrā quam (sī)'': except, unless.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # Outside, [[m|en|beyond]] (with the accusative).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Not included in, outside (a class).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Beyond the reach of, free from.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|except]], apart from; without.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[extrāneus]]

+ * [[extrārius]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[exter]]

+ * [[ex]]

+ * [[intrā]]

+ * [[extrēmus]]

+ * [[en|extra-]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}