certamen Latin · revision 18137

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *krei-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [kɛrˈtaː.mɛn]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [t͡ʃerˈtaː.men]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''certāmen''' ''n'' (genitive certāminis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|certō|-men|t1=to contend, strive]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) [[m|la|certō]] is from [[m|la|cernō|t=to sift, decide]],^(Köbler 2010) whose old past participle [[m|la|certus|t=decided]] goes back to ⟨*kritos⟩; de Vaan derives the verb from [[itc-pro|*krin-e/o-]] and [[ine-pro|*krei-|t=to sift, separate]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Plautus,^(Köbler 2010) who has ''nunc … specimen specitur, nunc certāmen cernitur'', “now the proof is seen, now the contest is decided”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Certāmen'' is competition and rivalry, a hostile contest, a fight or battle (Cicero of a naval battle), and a sporting, musical or other contest (Virgil: ''et certāmen erat, Corydōn cum Thyrside, magnum'', “and there was a great contest, Corydon against Thyrsis”).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It is also a dispute or quarrel (Livy: ''certāmine accēnsō'', “the quarrel flaring up”) and a point in dispute, the Greek κρινόμενον of rhetoric.^(OLD 2012) Wiktionary adds the prize contended for.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “fight, struggle, strife, contest”.^(Stelten 1995) In Medieval Latin ''certāmen singulāre'' is a duel, and the word can also mean “care, solicitude”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''nunc certāmen cernitur''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a naval battle.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil: ''certāmen erat … magnum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy: ''certāmine accēnsō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Competition, [[m|en|rivalry]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A fight, [[m|en|battle]], combat.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # A [[m|en|contest]] (in sport, music etc.); games.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # A dispute, quarrel.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A point in dispute.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A prize contended for.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' ''certāmen singulāre'': a [[m|en|duel]]; care, solicitude.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[certābundus]]

+ * [[certātim]]

+ * [[certātiō]]

+ * [[certātīvē]]

+ * [[certātor]]

+ * [[certātus]]

+ * [[certō]]

+ * [[certor]]

+ * [[cernō]]

+ * [[certus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}