iterum Latin · revision 18134

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *(h₁)i-tero-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɪ.tɛ.rũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈiː.te.rum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iterum''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+ A collateral form ''iterō'' appears in an inscription and in Late Latin.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the neuter of an adjective that Latin lost, [[inh|itc-pro|*itero-|t=the other]], [[inh|ine-pro|*(h₁)i-tero-]], used as an adverb.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) The adjective is built with the contrastive suffix ⟨*-tero-⟩ on the pronoun stem of [[m|la|is|t=he, that]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[sa|इतर|tr=ítara-|t=the other of two, another]],^(de Vaan 2008) and with Umbrian [[m|xum|etram-a|t=to the other]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) who has ''iterum mihi gnātus videor, quom tē repperī'', “I feel born again, now that I have found you”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Iterum'' is “again, once more”, and in ''iterum atque iterum'' or ''iterum iterumque'' “again and again” (Virgil: ''Creūsam nēquīquam ingeminans iterumque iterumque vocāvī'', “I called Creusa in vain, again and again”).^(OLD 2012) In a sequence of events it is “for the second time”, the regular word for holding a magistracy a second time (''iterum cōnsul''), and in lists “secondly”;^(OLD 2012) ''semel atque iterum'' is “time and again”.^(OLD 2012) From Statius on it can also mean “on the other hand, for his part”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''iterum'', “a second time”, from ''[[rūrsus]]'', “again, back”, and ''[[dēnuō]]'', “anew”.^(Döderlein 1874) In Medieval Latin it can serve as a mere connective, “further, but”,^(Niermeyer 1976) beside its classical senses.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''iterum mihi gnātus videor''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato: ''veniunt iterum atque tertium'', “they come a second and a third time”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil: ''iterumque iterumque vocāvī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 45–96 AD – Statius uses it contrastively, “on the other hand”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|again]], once more;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''iterum atque iterum'', ''iterum iterumque'': again and again.^(OLD 2012)

+ # For the [[m|en|second]] time (especially of holding an office);^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) secondly.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''semel atque iterum'': time and again.^(OLD 2012)

+ # On the other hand, for one's part.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Further, but (as a connective).^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[iterō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cēterus]]

+ * [[is]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein compares ''iterum'' with Greek δεύτερον, “a second time”, ''rūrsus'' with αὖθις and πάλιν, and ''dēnuō'' (from ''dē novō'') with νέοθεν;^(Döderlein 1874) ''dē integrō'' is “quite afresh”.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}