arator Latin · revision 18133

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=ine-pro *h₂erh₃-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [aˈraː.tɔr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [aˈraː.tor]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''arātor''' ''m'' (genitive arātōris); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|arō|-tor|t1=to plough]], an agent noun.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives [[m|la|arō]] from [[itc-pro|*araje/o-]], from [[ine-pro|*h₂erh₃-ie/o-|t=to plough]], with cognates in [[grc|ἀρόω|tr=aróō]], [[lt|árti]], [[cu|орати|tr=orati]] and [[got|𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=arjan]], all “to plough”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Lucretius:^(de Vaan 2008) ''suspīrat arātor crēbrius'', “the ploughman sighs more often”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) An early inscription speaks of land ceded by herdsmen to farmers, ''ut dē agrō poplicō arātōribus cēderent pāstōrēs''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Arātor'' is “a ploughman”, and in poetry often simply “a farmer” (Virgil: ''curvus arātor'', “the bent ploughman”).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Cicero, especially in the Verrines, the ''arātōrēs'' are farmers of arable land, in Sicily those who farmed public land for a tithe of the crop.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Used as an adjective of oxen it means “ploughing” (Ovid: ''taurus arātor'').^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “plowman”.^(Stelten 1995) Köbler records it in the Bible and in early medieval laws.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius: ''suspīrat arātor''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the tithe-farmers of Sicily.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it.^(Köbler 2010)^(TLL)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid: ''taurus arātor''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|ploughman]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) a [[m|en|husbandman]], farmer.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A farmer of arable land, especially one farming public land for a [[m|en|tithe]] of the crop.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(adjectival, of oxen)'' Ploughing.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[arātōrius]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[arō]]

+ * [[arātrum]]

+ * [[arvum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}