perfero Latin · revision 18131

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *bʰer-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpɛr.fɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpɛr.fe.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''perferō''' (present infinitive perferre, perfect active pertulī, supine perlātum); third conjugation, suppletive^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|per-|ferō|t1=through|t2=to carry]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives [[m|la|ferō]] from [[itc-pro|*fere/o-]], from [[ine-pro|*bʰer-e/o-|t=to carry]]; the past participle ⟨-lātum⟩ belongs to another root, [[m|ine-pro|*tlh₂-to-|t=lifted]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has it of delivering money: ''iubēbō ad istam quīnque perferrī minās'', “I will have five minae brought to her”, and of enduring: ''feram et perferam'', “I will bear it and bear it to the end”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Perferre'' is to carry something all the way, “to convey, deliver” (Cicero of letters and books), and in poetry to drive a weapon home (Virgil).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is to deliver a message or report and to bring news of an event, and Quintilian uses it of putting ideas across to an audience.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) It also means “to carry on, extend”, of animals and plants to carry offspring or fruit to full term, and “to keep up to the end” (Ovid: ''pertulit intrepidōs ad fāta novissima vultūs'', “he kept a fearless face to his last moments”).^(OLD 2012) In public life it is to get a law passed.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Most often it means “to endure, suffer to the end” (Accius: ''novem hiemēs saxō strātus pertulī'', “I lay nine winters on the rock”), and “to put up with, tolerate”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Döderlein notes that ''perferre'', like ''tolerāre'' and ''patī'', refers to the state of mind of the one who bears, where ''ferre'' only looks at the burden.^(Döderlein 1874) In Church Latin it also means “to report, complete”,^(Stelten 1995) and “to bear the penalty of”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''quīnque perferrī minās'';^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) ''feram et perferam''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius: ''novem hiemēs … pertulī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of passing a law: ''dē iūdiciīs nūlla lēx perlāta''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a spear driven home.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian uses it of conveying ideas to listeners.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To carry, [[m|en|convey]] (to a person or place), deliver;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) to drive home (a weapon).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To deliver (a message), [[m|en|report]]; to bring news of.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To carry on, extend; to carry (offspring, fruit) to full term.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To keep up to the end, [[m|en|sustain]]; to carry out (a task).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To get (a law) passed.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|endure]], suffer to the end; to survive.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To put up with, [[m|en|tolerate]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' To bear the penalty of.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[perferentia]]

+ * [[perlātiō]]

+ * [[perlator]]

+ * [[perlatrix]]

+ * [[perferēns]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ferō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}