defensio Latin · revision 18128

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=86/82 BC, Rhetorica ad Herennium|origins=ine-pro *gʷʰen-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [deːˈfẽː.si.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [deˈfɛn.si.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dēfēnsiō''' ''f'' (genitive dēfēnsiōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|dēfendō|-tiō|t1=to ward off, defend]], a noun of action.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) [[m|la|dēfendō]] is made [[af|la|dē-|*fendō|t2=to strike]]; the simple verb, also found in [[m|la|offendō]], goes back to [[itc-pro|*fendō]] and [[ine-pro|*gʷʰen-|t=to strike, kill]], the root of [[grc|φόνος|tr=phónos|t=murder]], [[sa|हन्ति|tr=hánti|t=strikes]] and [[sga|gonim|t=I wound]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler first records it in the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium''.^(Köbler 2010) Cicero asks Milo's accusers ''ubi … tua … vōx atque dēfēnsiō?'', “where is your voice and your defence?”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Dēfēnsiō'' is the act of defending, “protection, defence” (Caesar: ''Rēmīs cum spē dēfēnsiōnis studium prōpugnandī accessit'', “with the hope of being defended the Remi gained the will to fight”).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In the courts it is the defence of a case or of a person, and more widely the justification of one's conduct or opinions, “an excuse”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) In Roman law ''dēfēnsiō mortis'' is the action taken to obtain satisfaction for a death (Ulpian).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “protection, defense”.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin adds “a fence, prohibition of access”, “a fortification”, “legal defence” and “guardianship”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 86/82 BC – The ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the defence of a client.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar: ''cum spē dēfēnsiōnis''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|defence]], protection.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # The defence (of a lawsuit or of a person in court).^(OLD 2012)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # A [[m|en|justification]], excuse.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(law)'' ''dēfēnsiō mortis'': an action to obtain satisfaction for a death.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A [[m|en|fence]], a prohibition of access;^(Niermeyer 1976) a [[m|en|fortification]];^(Niermeyer 1976) guardianship.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dēfendō]]

+ * [[dēfēnsor]]

+ * [[offendō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}