dolus Latin · revision 18127

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Law of the Twelve Tables|origins=itc-pro *dolo-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈdɔ.ɫʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈdɔː.lus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dolus''' ''m'' (genitive dolī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ De Vaan reconstructs [[inh|itc-pro|*dolo-|t=trick]].^(de Vaan 2008) Given [[m|la|doleō|t=to feel pain]] and [[m|la|dolor|t=pain]], he thinks it cannot be ruled out that it is [[inh|ine-pro|*dolh₁-o-|t=pain, what pains]], with the sense shifting to “deceit, malice”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) It matches [[grc|δόλος|tr=dólos|t=bait, trick]],^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) from which Pokorny's dictionary derives it as a loan.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) Others compare [[gem-pro|*tala-|t=reason, account]].^(de Vaan 2008) Oscan [[m|osc|dolom|t=intention, ruse]] is probably borrowed from Latin.^(de Vaan 2008) The adverb [[m|la|sēdulō|t=sincerely]] continues ⟨*sē dolōd⟩, “without guile”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from the Law of the Twelve Tables.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) An early law of the kings has ''sī quī hominem … dolō sciēns mortī duit'', “if anyone knowingly and with intent puts a man to death”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In law ''dolus'' is guilty intention, the deliberate doing of an unlawful act, set against ''culpa'', negligence; inscriptions abbreviate ''dolus malus'' as ''d. m.''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In general use it is trickery, treachery, cunning (Caesar: ''quī per dolum … petītā pāce ultrō bellum intulissent'', “who had treacherously sued for peace and then attacked of their own accord”), and a particular trick or stratagem (Plautus: ''dolum … hunc prōtulērunt'', “they devised this trick”).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “fraud, deceit, guile, craft”,^(Stelten 1995) and in Medieval Latin it is also “wrong, injury”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Law of the Twelve Tables uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a trick.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''per dolum'', “by trickery”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar: ''quī per dolum … petītā pāce''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(law)'' Guilty intention, [[m|en|malice]];^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''dolus malus'': fraud with intent.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # [[m|en|deception]], trickery, [[m|en|guile]], treachery.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # A [[m|en|trick]], stratagem, trap.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Wrong, injury.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dolōsus]]

+ * [[subdolus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dolōsē]]

+ * [[dolōsitās]]

+ * [[doleō]]

+ * [[dolor]]

+ * [[sēdulō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In Late Latin ''dolus'' is also a form of [[dolor]], “pain, grief”;^(Wiktionary) Köbler records it from Commodian and inscriptions.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}