effundo Latin · revision 18124

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰew-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɛfˈfʊn.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [efˈfun.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''effundō''' (present infinitive effundere, perfect active effūdī, supine effūsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''ecfundō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ Paulus' epitome of Festus gives ''exfūtī'' for ''effūsī''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|ex-|fundō|t1=out|t2=to pour]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives [[m|la|fundō]] from [[itc-pro|*χund-e/o-]], from [[ine-pro|*ǵʰu-n-d-|t=to pour]], a nasal present of the root of [[grc|χέω|tr=khéō|t=to pour]], [[got|𐌲𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽|tr=giutan|t=to pour]] and [[sa|जुहोति|tr=juhóti|t=pours, sacrifices]]; the initial /f/ for PIE /gʰ/ is found only in this verb.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has ''effunde cito hoc in barathrum'', “pour this quickly down the pit”, of wine poured down the throat.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Effundere'' is “to pour out” liquids, of rain “to pour down”, and “to shed” tears or blood (Cicero of the tears shed for him in his troubles).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Rivers ''sē effundunt'', flow into the sea or overflow.^(OLD 2012) It is also to send forth light or breath, and ''spīritum'' or ''animam effundere'' is “to breathe one's last”.^(OLD 2012) Of words it is “to utter, pour forth” (Virgil: ''tālīs effundit pectore questūs'', “such complaints he poured from his breast”), and of feelings “to give vent to”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ It means to let loose, and in the passive of crowds and armies “to stream out”; to squander money or strength; to throw a rider, to tip out, to overturn buildings; to slacken the reins, let the hair flow, and stretch out the arms; and in the past participle of troops “spread out loosely”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Church Latin glosses it “to pour out, pour forth, shed”.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|effuse]] comes from its participle in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''effunde cito hoc in barathrum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of shedding tears.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil: ''tālīs effundit pectore questūs''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of a river flowing into the sea.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English [[m|en|effuse]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|pour]] out;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) to pour down (rain);^(OLD 2012) to [[m|en|shed]] (tears, blood).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive, of rivers)'' To flow out, overflow.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To send forth (light, breath);^(OLD 2012) ''animam effundere'': to breathe one's last.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To utter, pour forth (words, thoughts); to give vent to (feelings).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To let loose;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''(passive)'' to stream out (of crowds or armies).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|squander]], waste.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To throw (from a horse); to overturn; to cast away, discard.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To slacken, loosen (reins, hair, clothing); to stretch out (the arms).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(past participle)'' Spread out loosely (of troops).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[effūsiō]]

+ * [[effusor]]

+ * [[effūsē]]

+ * [[effūsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cōnfundō]]

+ * [[fundō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}