tumultus Latin · revision 18070

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=c. 235–200 BC, Naevius|origins=ine-pro *tum-eh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [tʊˈmʊɫ.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [tuˈmul.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tumultus''' ''m'' (genitive tumultūs); fourth declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Early writers (Ennius, Plautus, Terence, Accius) have the genitive ''tumultī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is derived from [[m|la|tumeō|t=to swell]], but how it was formed is obscure.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of [[m|la|tumeō]], since its meaning suggests it belongs there; he rejects Leumann's ⟨*tumulitus⟩ from a verb ⟨*tumulāre⟩, and notes that Walde's idea of imitation of [[m|la|singultus|t=sobbing]] lacks a clear model.^(de Vaan 2008) [[m|la|tumeō]] goes back to [[itc-pro|*tum-ē-]] and [[ine-pro|*tum-eh₁-|t=to be swelling]].^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD and Wiktionary compare [[sa|तुमुल|tr=tumula|t=noisy; uproar]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Naevius,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who writes ''magnae metūs tumultus pectora possīdit'', “the turmoil of great fear takes hold of their hearts”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Tumultus'' is “commotion, uproar, confused noise” (Plautus: ''quis sonitū ac tumultū tantō nōminat mē?'', “who is calling me with so much noise and uproar?”), also the din of a hostile audience or of applause, and of wild oratory.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) At Rome it was a sudden outbreak of violence, a rising or an incursion close at hand that required citizens to be called to arms, and in war a sudden attack.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) It is “panic, alarm” (Cicero, of the alarm he might have caused the city), turmoil of the elements or in the body, a storm, disturbance of the mind, and muddle, confusion in an activity.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “tumult, noise, confusion, uproar”.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|tumult]] comes from it, partly through Old French, in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius: ''magnae metūs tumultus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''sonitū ac tumultū tantō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of the alarm in the city.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English [[m|en|tumult]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|commotion]], [[m|en|uproar]], confused noise.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # A sudden rising, insurrection; an emergency war near home.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(military)'' A sudden attack.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|panic]], alarm.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Turmoil (of nature or the body); a storm.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Agitation, disturbance of mind.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Confusion, muddle.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[tumultuārius]]

+ * [[tumultuōsus]]

+ * [[tumultuātim]]

+ * [[tumultuor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tumultuāriē]]

+ * [[tumultuātiō]]

+ * [[tumultuō]]

+ * [[tumultuōsē]]

+ * [[tumeō]]

+ * [[tumulus]]

+ * [[tumor]]

+ * [[en|tumult]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}