fessus Latin · revision 18067

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=back-formation|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=la dēfetīscor}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈfɛs.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfɛs.sus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fessus''' (feminine fessa, neuter fessum, comparative fessior, superlative fessissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably in origin a participle of [[m|la|fatīscō|t=to split; to grow weary]], with its vowel taken from [[m|la|dēfessus|t=worn out]] and kept apart from [[m|la|fassus]], the participle of [[m|la|fateor|t=to admit]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) De Vaan explains that ⟨*dē-fat-to-⟩ regularly gave [[m|la|dēfessus]], from which the simple adjective was later detached; behind the family he sets a noun ⟨*fatis⟩ “exhaustion”, kept in [[m|la|affatim|t=sufficiently]].^(de Vaan 2008) He finds Walde's root [[ine-pro|*dʰH-|t=to vanish]] gratuitous and knows no cogent further etymology,^(de Vaan 2008) though Wiktionary and Köbler cite it.^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Varro,^(de Vaan 2008) who writes that bees hold up their king when he is ''fessus''.^(OLD 2012) Köbler first records it in Cicero.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Fessus'' is “tired out, weary, exhausted”, of people and beasts, of strength, and of travellers, ships and spent winds at the end of their course (Ovid).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It is “weakened” by wounds, disease or hardship (Cicero: ''fessum inediā fluctibusque'', “worn out by hunger and the waves”), “feeble” with age, “exhausted” by war (Cicero of the Veientes), and of things “worn out”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) It is also “weary in mind, dispirited” (Livy: ''fessus metū ac labōre mīles''), and “sick of” something (Cicero: ''plōrandō fessus sum'', “I am tired of weeping”).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “weary”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of the weary king bee.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''plōrandō fessus sum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy: ''fessus metū ac labōre mīles''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|tired]], [[m|en|weary]], exhausted.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Weary with travel; spent.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Weakened, feeble (by wounds, illness or age); worn out.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Weary in mind, dispirited; sick (of).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[fessulus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dēfessus]]

+ * [[fatīgō]]

+ * [[fatīscō]]

+ * [[affatim]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}