triumphus Latin · revision 18058

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=grc θρίαμβος}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [triˈʊm.pʰʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [triˈum.fus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''triumphus''' ''m'' (genitive triumphī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Old inscriptions spell it ''triumpus'', a form Cicero and Quintilian call archaic.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It comes from the ritual cry ⟨triumpe!⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary takes the older ⟨triumpus⟩ as [[bor|ett|*θriampe]], [[der|grc|θρίαμβος|tr=thríambos|t=hymn to Dionysus]],^(Wiktionary) and Lewis & Short compare the Greek word.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler first records it in Plautus.^(Köbler 2010) The Arval Brothers' hymn ends with the cry ''triumpe''.^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Triumphus'' is first the cry “triumphe!” itself (Livy: a six-month-old child cried ''triumphum'' in the vegetable market).^(OLD 2012) Its main sense is the procession of a victorious general from the Campus Martius to the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol, “a triumph”: ''triumphum agere'' is “to celebrate a triumph”, with the people defeated in the genitive or an adjective (Cicero: Caesar did not even hold a triumph for Pharsalus).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) There were naval triumphs and triumphs held on the Alban Mount at the general's own cost.^(OLD 2012) In general it is any victory celebration (Horace), and then “a success, victory” (Cicero: your neighbours took your defeat as their triumph).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “triumph”.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|triumph]] comes from it through Old French in the late 14th century, and [[m|en|trump]] (in cards) is a 1520s alteration of that word.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''triumphum … ēgit''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of the cry ''triumphe''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English [[m|en|triumph]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The ritual cry “triumphe!”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|triumph]], a victorious general's procession to the Capitol.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Any victory celebration.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A success, [[m|en|victory]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[triumphō]]

+ * [[triumphālis]]

+ * [[en|triumph]]

+ * [[en|trump]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}