acriter Latin · revision 18035

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₂eḱ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈaː.krɪ.tɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈaː.kri.ter]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ācriter''' (comparative ācrius, superlative ācerrimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|ācer|-ter|t1=sharp, keen]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|ācer]] to [[itc-pro|*ā̆kri-|t=sharp]] and [[ine-pro|*h₂eḱ-ro-|t=sharp]], cognate with [[osc|akrid|t=sharply]], [[grc|ἄκρος|tr=ákros|t=highest, outermost]] and [[lt|aštrus|t=sharp]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has ''suēs moriuntur angīnā ācerrumē'', “pigs die most violently of quinsy”, and ''amātur atque egētur ācriter'', “there is intense love and intense want”.^(OLD 2012) Köbler first records it in Cicero.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Ācriter'' is “strongly, violently, forcefully” (Plautus), “distinctly, clearly” (Cicero: everyone sees faults in a speaker more sharply than merits), of colour “vividly”, and “closely, attentively” (Cicero: ''attendam ācriter'').^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) With verbs of action it is “vigorously, keenly” (Caesar of fighting fiercely), with verbs of feeling “intensely”, of grief “bitterly” (Ovid), and of punishment “harshly” (Cicero: ''caedunt ācerrimē virgīs'', “they beat him most savagely with rods”).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “keenly, sharply, violently”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''amātur atque egētur ācriter''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''caedunt ācerrimē virgīs''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid: ''flēns ācrius ipsa''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|sharply]], violently, forcefully.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Clearly, distinctly; vividly.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Closely, attentively.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Vigorously, [[m|en|keenly]], zealously.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Intensely; bitterly.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|harshly]], severely.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ācer]]

+ * [[ācrimōnia]]

+ * [[acerbus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}