audax Latin · revision 18034

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 235–200 BC, Naevius|origins=ine-pro *h₂ew-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈau̯.daːks]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈaːu̯.daks]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''audāx''' (genitive audācis, comparative audācior, superlative audācissimus, adverb audāciter or audācter); third-declension one-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|audeō|-āx|t1=to dare]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives [[m|la|audeō]] from [[m|la|avidus|t=greedy, eager]]: it first meant “to want very much”, as in Plautus' ⟨sōdēs⟩ “please”, from ⟨*sī audēs⟩ “if you really want”, and only later “to dare”.^(de Vaan 2008) He traces the root, that of [[m|la|aveō|t=to long for]], to [[itc-pro|*awē-|t=to be eager]] and [[ine-pro|*h₂eu-eh₁-|t=to enjoy, consume]].^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary compares [[spx|𐌀𐌞𐌃𐌀𐌒𐌖𐌌|tr=aúdaqum]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and the TLL date it from Naevius.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL) Plautus has ''quae nōn dēlīquit, decet audācem esse'', “a woman who has done no wrong should be bold”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Audāx'' is “daring, bold, confident” in a good sense (Ennius: Hannibal ''audācī cum pectore'', Virgil: ''audācibus adnue coeptīs'', “favour my bold undertaking”), and in a bad one “audacious, reckless, rash” (Terence: ''ō scelestum atque audācem hominem!'', Cicero: ''homō audācissimus Catilīna'').^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It also means “impudent, pert” (Plautus), of style “bold, daring” (Cicero of metaphors), and of a headland “standing out boldly” (Lucan).^(OLD 2012) Martial calls cheap glassware ''audāx'', since it need not be handled with care.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ English [[m|en|audacious]] comes, through French, from the noun ''audācia'' in the 1540s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''decet audācem esse''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''audācī cum pectore''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''homō audācissimus Catilīna''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1540s – English [[m|en|audacious]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|bold]], [[m|en|daring]], confident.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|audacious]], reckless, rash; impudent.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Bold (of style or expression).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Standing out boldly (of a headland).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[audācia]]

+ * [[audaculus]]

+ * [[inaudax]]

+ * [[audāciter]]

+ * [[audācter]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[audeō]]

+ * [[avidus]]

+ * [[en|audacious]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}