fortiter Latin · revision 18022

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la fortis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈfɔr.tɪ.tɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfɔr.ti.ter]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fortiter''' (comparative fortius, superlative fortissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|fortis|-ter|t1=strong, brave]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|fortis]], old ⟨forctus⟩, ⟨horctus⟩ “good”, to [[itc-pro|*forkti/o-]]; its further origin is unclear: perhaps ⟨*bʰorg-to-⟩ “stuffed”, beside [[m|la|farciō|t=to stuff]], or ⟨*dʰ(o)rǵʰ-to-⟩ “strong”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler first records it in Plautus,^(Köbler 2010) who has ''quī malum fert fortiter'', “who bears misfortune bravely”, ''pugnāvī fortiter'', “I fought bravely”, and ''hunc … astringite ad columnam fortiter'', “tie him tight to the column”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Fortiter'' is “with physical strength, vigorously, powerfully” (Tibullus of turning the soil), of tying “firmly”, of fire “violently”, and of sound “loudly”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) It is “energetically, strenuously” (Cicero: he persists most stubbornly in doing wrong) and of speaking “stoutly, forcefully”; in law it is “with good reason”.^(OLD 2012) Its main moral sense is “bravely, boldly, resolutely”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Medieval Latin uses it for “strongly, heavily”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''quī malum fert fortiter''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''iniūriam facere fortissimē persevērat''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 55–19/18 BC – Tibullus of vigorous digging.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|strongly]], powerfully, vigorously; firmly.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # Energetically; forcefully.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|bravely]], boldly, resolutely.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[forticulus]]

+ * [[fortis]]

+ * [[fortitūdō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}