iuro Latin · revision 18002

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₂óyu}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈjuː.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈjuː.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iūrō''' (present infinitive iūrāre, perfect active iūrāvī, supine iūrātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Early inscriptions spell it ''iour-''.^(OLD 2012)

+ An old future perfect ''iūrāssit'' is found.^(OLD 2012)

+ A deponent ''iūror'' also occurs.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|iūs|-ō|t1=law, right]], a verb made from the noun.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan reconstructs [[itc-pro|*jowes-ā-je-|t=to swear]], from the s-stem [[m|itc-pro|*jowos|t=oath, law]] of [[m|la|iūs]], which goes back to [[ine-pro|*h₂oyu-|t=vital force, eternity]], cognate with [[sa|आयुस्|tr=ā́yus-|t=life, lifespan]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has ''ut iūrat! servat mē ille suīs periūriīs'', “how he swears! he saves me by his perjuries”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Iūrāre'' is “to take an oath, swear” (Cicero of a man who would not be believed even ''sī āram tenēns iūrāret'', “if he swore with his hand on the altar”), with an accusative and infinitive “to swear that”, and “to promise on oath, vow” (Virgil: Dido did not swear at Aulis to destroy the Trojans).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Of a group it is “to conspire”, ''in'' someone “against” them.^(OLD 2012) ''In verba alicuius iūrāre'' is to swear allegiance to someone, especially of soldiers to their commander.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In law ''in lītem iūrāre'' is to value one's claim on oath, and ''calumniam iūrāre'' to swear that a case is brought in good faith.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “to swear, take an oath”.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|jury]] comes, through Anglo-French, from Medieval Latin ''iūrāta'', “an oath, a sworn inquest”, the feminine participle of this verb.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''ut iūrat!''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''sī āram tenēns iūrāret''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a vow at Aulis.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 14th century – English [[m|en|jury]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|swear]], take an [[m|en|oath]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To declare on oath (that).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To promise on oath, [[m|en|vow]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To conspire;^(OLD 2012) ''iūrāre in'': to conspire against.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''in verba iūrāre'': to swear according to a formula; to swear allegiance (to).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(law)'' ''in lītem iūrāre'': to value a claim on oath;^(OLD 2012) ''calumniam iūrāre'': to swear that an action is brought in good faith.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[iūs]]

+ * [[iūstus]]

+ * [[iūrāmentum]]

+ * [[en|jury]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}