audacia Latin · revision 17966

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la avidus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [au̯ˈdaː.ki.a]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [au̯ˈdaː.t͡ʃi.a]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''audācia''' ''f'' (genitive audāciae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|audāx|-ia|t1=bold, daring]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) [[m|la|audāx]] is from [[m|la|audeō|t=to dare]],^(Köbler 2010) which de Vaan derives from [[m|la|avidus|t=greedy]]: it first meant “to want very much”, as the relic ⟨sōdēs⟩ “if you please”, from ⟨*sī audēs⟩, shows in Plautus, and later “to dare”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Plautus,^(Köbler 2010) who speaks of a man ''quoi nūlla in pectore est audācia'', “who has no courage in his heart”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In a good sense ''audācia'' is “daring, boldness, confidence”, a bold act, and with a genitive a bold resolve;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Sallust has Cato say that boldness in wrongdoing is called courage.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) L&S note that it is more often used in a bad sense: “audacity, impudence, recklessness, rashness”, as in Terence's ''audāciam meretrīcum spectā'', “look at the effrontery of these courtesans”, and a piece of impudence (Plautus: ''quae istaec audāciast?'', “what impudence is this?”).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Celsus uses it of the violent conduct of the insane.^(OLD 2012) Of style and words it is boldness, licence (Ovid: ''sī verbīs audācia dētur'', “if words may be allowed some boldness”).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “boldness, bravery, courage, valour”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''nūlla in pectore est audācia'';^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) ''quae istaec audāciast?''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence: ''audāciam meretrīcum spectā''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86–34 BC – Sallust uses it in the good and the bad sense.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of boldness in words.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Daring, [[m|en|boldness]], [[m|en|courage]]; a bold act.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # [[m|en|audacity]], impudence, recklessness, rashness; a piece of impudence.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Violent conduct (of the insane).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Boldness, licence (of words or style).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[audāciter]]

+ * [[audacter]]

+ * [[audāculus]]

+ * [[audāx]]

+ * [[audeō]]

+ * [[avidus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}