procul Latin · revision 17960

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *pro}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈprɔ.kʊɫ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈprɔː.kul]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''procul''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The first part is the prefix [[prō-]] “forward”, but the rest is disputed.^(TLL)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan suggests a derivative of [[ine-pro|*pro-ko-|t=at the front]], giving ⟨*prokelo-⟩;^(de Vaan 2008) Schaffner set up [[m|ine-pro|*pro-ḱwe-lo-|t=somewhat to the front]].^(de Vaan 2008) The missing ending (one would expect ⟨*proculum⟩) may be due to the analogy of [[simul]] and [[facul]], so that de Vaan leaves this part open.^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD likewise analyses ⟨*proco-⟩ (compare [[procerēs]]) with the ending of ⟨simul⟩.^(OLD 2012) Older dictionaries and Wiktionary connected it instead with [[m|la|procellō|t=to throw forward]] and the root of [[celer]], [[m|ine-pro|*kel-|t=to drive]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Procul'' means “some way off, at a distance” and “far away”, also with the ablative.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is used of time (“long ago, far in the future”), and figuratively of distance from a condition, an association or a degree;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''haud procul'' is “not far from”, ''procul dubiō'' “without doubt”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Virgil's ''procul, ō procul este, profānī'' tells the uninitiated to keep away.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Döderlein says ''procul'' is a distance still within sight, as opposed to ''iuxtā'', while ''[[longē]]'' is a great distance, usually out of sight.^(Döderlein 1874) Church Latin glosses it “afar off, far away”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Used by Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero hopes his friendship will help a man ''etiam cum procul absim'', “even when I am far away”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil: ''terra procul … colitur'', “far off a land is tilled”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy: ''haud procul sēditiōne rēs erat'', “things were close to sedition”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # At a [[m|en|distance]], some way off.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # [[m|en|far]] away, far off.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Far off in time.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Far (from a condition, connection or degree); ''haud procul'', not far from;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''procul dubiō'', without doubt.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with ablative)'' Far from.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[prō]]

+ * [[longē]]

+ * [[ēminus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}