rursus Latin · revision 17950

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rūrsus''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+ The forms ''rūrsum'', ''rūsum'' and ''russum'' are also found: ''rūrsum'' and ''rūsum'' are commonest in early comedy and in archaizing writers such as Apuleius, ''rūrsus'' in the classical period.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is contracted from ⟨*revorsus⟩, ⟨*revorsum⟩ “turned back”, from [[re-]] “back” and ⟨vorsus⟩, the old form of [[versus]] “turned, towards”, from [[vertō]] “to turn”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has ''em, servā rūrsum'', “there, block again!”, in a boxing scene, and ''em rūrsum tibi'', “there's one back for you”.^(OLD 2012) Köbler cites it from Cicero.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The first sense is “backwards, back” (also ''rūrsum vorsum''), then “back again”, restoring a former state, and “again, a second time”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It means “in turn” of a returned action, “besides” in a list, and in contrasts “on the other hand” (Terence: ''quidquid dīcunt laudō; id rūrsum sī negant, laudō id quoque'', “whatever they say I praise; if they deny it again, I praise that too”).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''[[iterum]]'', “a second time”, ''rūrsus'', “again, once more”, and ''[[dēnuō]]'', “anew”.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''em, servā rūrsum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence: ''id rūrsum sī negant, laudō id quoque''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it for “besides” in a list of troops sent into battle.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|backwards]], back.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Back again (to a former state).^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|again]], a second time.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In turn, in return.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Besides, in addition.^(OLD 2012)

+ # On the other hand, on the contrary.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vertō]]

+ * [[versus]]

+ * [[prōrsus]]

+ * [[sūrsum]]

+ * [[iterum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}