parum Latin · revision 17927

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *peh₂u-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpa.rũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpaː.rum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''parum''' (comparative minus, superlative minimē)^(Wiktionary)

+ Its comparative is ''[[minus]]'' and its superlative ''[[minimē]]''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the neuter of [[parvus]] “small”, used as a noun and adverb.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan derives ⟨parvus⟩ from [[itc-pro|*pauro-]], from [[ine-pro|*peh₂u-ro-]], with metathesis of ⟨*-wr-⟩; ⟨parum⟩ keeps the regular outcome ⟨*parom⟩ of ⟨*parwom⟩, while ⟨parvus⟩ restored the ⟨v⟩.^(de Vaan 2008) The same stem is in [[paucus]] and [[pauper]], and in [[grc|παῦρος|tr=paûros|t=little]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) who has ''fortassis tū aurī dēmpsistī parum?'', “perhaps you took too little of the gold?”, and ''periī, prōspiciō parum'', “I'm lost, I can hardly see”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As a noun ''parum'' is “too little, not enough” (''parum est'', “it is not enough”), and as an adverb “insufficiently, too little”, sometimes almost a plain negative (''parum intellegere'', to fail to understand).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Later it means “not enough to matter” (Seneca: ''dolēbimus, sed parum'', “we shall grieve, but not much”).^(OLD 2012) Church Latin glosses it “little, less, too little, not enough”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''prōspiciō parum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence: ''quod mē fēcisse aiēbās parum'', “what you said I had done too little”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''in illā autem lepōris parum'', “but in that one too little charm”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca: ''dolēbimus, sed parum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Too little, insufficiently, not enough.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Not enough to matter, little.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # Too little, an insufficient amount;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''parum est'', it is not enough.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[parumloquium]]

+ * [[perparum]]

+ * [[parumper]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[parvus]]

+ * [[paulum]]

+ * [[minus]]

+ * [[satis]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}