ingratus Latin · revision 17925

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *gʷerH-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɪŋˈɡraː.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [iŋˈɡraː.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ingrātus''' (feminine ingrāta, neuter ingrātum, superlative ingrātissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ The comparative and superlative are found from Cicero on.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|in-|grātus|t2=pleasing, grateful]], “not grateful, not pleasing”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives [[m|la|grātus]] from [[itc-pro|*gʷrāto-]], from [[ine-pro|*gʷr̥H-to-|t=praised (in a song)]], and compares [[osc|brateis|t=of grace]] and [[sa|गृणाति|tr=gṛṇā́ti|t=to praise]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) who has ''nihil amās quom ingrātum amās'', “you love nothing when you love an ungrateful man”, and ''bene quae in mē fēcērunt, ingrāta ea habuī atque inrita'', “the kindness they did me I treated as unwelcome and worthless”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Ingrātus'' is “ungrateful, thankless, unappreciative” of persons, and of services “not appreciated, unthanked”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Of things it is “unwelcome, displeasing, unpopular” to someone, and objectively “disagreeable, unpleasant” to the mind or senses.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary also gives “fruitless, unsuccessful”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “unpleasant, disagreeable, ungrateful, thankless”.^(Stelten 1995) In Medieval Latin it can mean “stern, hostile” and “unwilling, restive”.^(Niermeyer 1976) English [[m|en|ingrate]] was an adjective in the 14th century and a noun “ungrateful person” from the 1670s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''nihil amās quom ingrātum amās''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of an ungrateful person.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''illud … est hominis ingrātī tacēre'', “to keep silent is the mark of an ungrateful man”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1670s – English [[m|en|ingrate]] as a noun.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|ungrateful]], thankless, unappreciative.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Unthanked, not appreciated (of services).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Unwelcome, displeasing, unpopular.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # [[m|en|disagreeable]], unpleasant.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Fruitless, unsuccessful.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Hostile; unwilling.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ingrātia]]

+ * [[ingrātitūdō]]

+ * [[peringrātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[grātus]]

+ * [[grātia]]

+ * [[ingrātiīs]]

+ * [[en|ingrate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}