perdo Latin · revision 17901

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=derivation|attested=c. 235–200 BC, Naevius|origins=ine-pro *deh₃-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpɛr.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpɛr.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''perdō''' (present infinitive perdere, perfect active perdidī); third conjugation, no passive, no supine stem^(Wiktionary)

+ Early Latin has an old present subjunctive ''perduim'', ''perduīs'', ''perduit'', ''perduint'', common in Plautus' curses and still used by Cicero in ''dī tē perduint''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|per-|-dō]], with the prefix in its pejorative sense of destruction.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The second part is disputed: de Vaan derives the Latin compounds in ⟨-dere⟩ from the reduplicated present of [[m|la|dō]] “to give”, [[itc-pro|*di-d-e-]], from [[ine-pro|*di-dh₃-|t=to give]],^(de Vaan 2008) while the TLL, following Leumann, and Wiktionary trace ⟨perdere⟩ to [[m|ine-pro|*dʰeh₁-|t=to put, make]], the root of [[m|la|faciō]].^(TLL)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Naevius uses it in a curse: ''ut illum dī perdant, quī prīmus holitor caepam prōtulit'', “may the gods destroy the gardener who first brought out the onion”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Perdere'' is first “to ruin, destroy”, often hyperbolically in comedy and in curses, and also “to kill”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In a weaker sense it means “to spoil, impair” (a play, one's health).^(OLD 2012) The commonest sense is “to lose”: possessions, troops, relatives by death, one's memory of something; to fail to get something within reach, to lose an election or a lawsuit.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Finally it means “to waste, squander” money or opportunities, as in ''operam perdere'' “to waste one's effort”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''[[āmittō]]'', losing something so that it is no longer in one's possession, from ''perdere'', losing it so that it is destroyed or made useless.^(Döderlein 1874) Church Latin uses it for “to lose, ruin, destroy”.^(Stelten 1995) Its past participle gave ''[[perditus]]'' “lost, ruined”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius: ''ut illum dī perdant''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''ubi ego fōrmam perdidī?'', “where did I lose my looks?”^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence: ''perii hercle, nōmen perdidī'', “I'm done for, I have forgotten the name”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of a general who lost his army.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|ruin]], [[m|en|destroy]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''dī tē perduint'', may the gods destroy you.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To kill.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To spoil, impair (one's health or a work).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|lose]] (property, troops, relatives); to forget.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To fail to obtain; to lose (an election or a lawsuit).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|waste]], squander;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''operam perdere'', to waste one's effort.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dēperdō]]

+ * [[disperdō]]

+ * [[experdō]]

+ * [[imperditus]]

+ * [[perditim]]

+ * [[perditiō]]

+ * [[perditor]]

+ * [[perditrix]]

+ * [[perditus]]

+ * [[frūgiperdius]]

+ * [[officiperda]]

+ * [[perditē]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}