multo Latin · revision 17892

+ {{homograph|1|by far}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=itc-pro *molto-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈmʊɫ.toː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈmul.to]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''multō''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adverb is the ablative singular neuter of [[multus]] “much”, an ablative of degree, “by much”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan derives ⟨multus⟩ from [[itc-pro|*molto-]] and compares [[grc|μάλα|tr=mála|t=very]], but thinks the PIE root etymology is weak.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has ''advēnit … nōn multō prius'', “he arrived not much earlier”, and ''hau multō post … aderit'', “he will be here not long after”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Multō'' strengthens comparatives, “by far, much” (''multō multōque'' “far and away”), and gives intervals of time, “long before, long after” (''multō ante'', ''nōn multō post'').^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Church Latin glosses it “by much, a great deal”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''multō fēcistis sapientius'', “you acted much more wisely”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence: ''multō ante''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''nōn multō post discessum meum'', “not long after my departure”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(with comparatives)'' By far, [[m|en|much]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''multō multōque'', far and away.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(of time)'' Long (before or after).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ {{homograph|2|to fine}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 235–200 BC, Naevius|origins=itc-pro *moltā}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈmʊɫ.toː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈmul.to]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''multō''' (present infinitive multāre, perfect active multāvī, supine multātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ An early inscription has ''molt-'';^(OLD 2012) the spelling ''mulctō'' is less correct.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb is formed from [[multa]] “a fine, penalty”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) The noun goes back to [[itc-pro|*moltā]];^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Oscan has [[m|osc|molto]] and the verb [[m|osc|moltaum|t=to fine]], Umbrian [[m|xum|mutu|t=fine]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan thinks ⟨multa⟩ may belong with [[multus]] “much”, a fine being an amount one must pay, though he calls this uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Naevius.^(de Vaan 2008) Plautus has ''ob stultitiam tuam tē … multābō minā'', “I'll fine you a mina for your stupidity”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Multāre'' is to punish someone with the loss of something, “to fine”, with the ablative of the penalty, and then generally “to punish” persons or offences.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) It is mostly used of judicial punishment;^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cicero has ''accūsātōrem multā et poenā multāvit''.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Wiktionary also gives “to confiscate the assets”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – First used by Naevius.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''tē … multābō minā'';^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) ''duplicī damnō dominōs multant'', “they punish their masters with a double loss”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''accūsātōrem multā et poenā multāvit''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To punish with the loss of something, to [[m|en|fine]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|punish]] (persons or offences).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To confiscate the property of.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[multātiō]]

+ * [[multitō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[multa]]

+ * [[multus]]

+ * [[multum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}