super Latin · revision 17891

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *upér}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsʊ.pɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsuː.per]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''super''' (+ accusative, ablative)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*super]], [[inh|ine-pro|*upér|t=over, above]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) The initial ⟨s-⟩, which the other languages lack, was added in Italic as in [[sub]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[xum|super|t=on top]], [[osc|supruis|t=upper]], [[grc|ὑπέρ|tr=hupér]], [[sa|उपरि|tr=upári]] and [[got|𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂|tr=ufar]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) who has ''teneō quid animī vostrī super hāc rē siet'', “I know what you think about this matter”.^(OLD 2012) Köbler cites it from the Twelve Tables and Cato.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ With the accusative it is “over, above”, “on top of”, “over (a surface or area)”, “beyond” in space, “hard on the heels of” in time (''vulnus super vulnus'' “wound upon wound”), “besides, in addition to”, “more than” (''super omnia'' “above all”) and “in charge of”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) With the ablative it is “on, over” and, very commonly, “about, concerning” a subject.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) As an adverb it means “above, on top”, “besides, moreover” and “left over”;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995) ''satis superque'' is “enough and more than enough”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ In Medieval Latin, with either case, it also means “near”, “during”, “over” (of power) and “about, towards”.^(Niermeyer 1976) English [[m|en|super]] “excellent” (1837) comes from the prefix ''[[super-]]''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''super hāc rē'';^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) ''sāvia super sāvia'', “kisses upon kisses”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it as an adverb, “above”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''satis superque dīxisse videor'', “I think I have said more than enough”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil: ''tē super omnia dōna ūnum ōrō'', “one thing I ask of you above all gifts”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1837 – English [[m|en|super]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with accusative)'' [[m|en|over]], [[m|en|above]]; on top of.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' Over (a surface or area); beyond.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' Hard on the heels of;^(OLD 2012) ''alius super alium'', one after another.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' In addition to, besides.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' More than, beyond;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''super omnia'', above all.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' In charge of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with ablative)'' On, over; at (a time), during.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(with ablative)'' About, [[m|en|concerning]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Above, on top.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Besides, moreover.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Left over, remaining.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''satis superque'', enough and to spare.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dēsuper]]

+ * [[exsuper]]

+ * [[īnsuper]]

+ * [[superus]]

+ * [[superbus]]

+ * [[supernus]]

+ * [[super-]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[superior]]

+ * [[supersum]]

+ * [[suprā]]

+ * [[sub]]

+ * [[summus]]

+ * [[supīnus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Cato has a masculine adjective ''super'', a form of ''[[superus]]'' “upper”; the OLD and Lewis and Short list it separately.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In manuscripts and editions ''super'' is often confused with ''[[suprā]]''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}