turpis Latin · revision 17867

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtʊr.pɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtur.pis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''turpis''' (neuter turpe, comparative turpior, superlative turpissimus, adverb turpiter); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The OLD and Köbler compare [[sa|त्रपते|tr=trápate|t=is ashamed]], from [[ine-pro|*trep-|t=to turn]], taking the word as “repelling”; de Vaan finds this meaning too contrived, and a link with [[torpeō]] “to be numb” does not explain the sense well either.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus on:^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) ''purpura aetātī occultanda est, aurum turpī mulierī'', “purple hides age, gold an ugly woman”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Turpis'' means physically foul, disgusting, and ugly, unsightly, also of sounds, “harsh”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Applied to conduct it means “shameful, disgraceful, dishonourable” (''turpe est'' “it is shameful”), to persons “base, infamous”, and to language and practices “indecent, obscene”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ The noun ''[[turpitūdō]]'' means “ugliness” and “disgrace”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – First found in Plautus, of an ugly woman.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence: ''vestītū turpī'', “in filthy clothes”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''nēmō umquam nisi turpis impūrusque'', “no one except a base and impure man”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Foul, filthy, [[m|en|disgusting]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|ugly]], unsightly.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(of sound)'' Harsh, disagreeable.^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|shameful]], disgraceful, dishonourable.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(of persons)'' Base, infamous.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Indecent, obscene.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[perturpis]]

+ * [[subturpis]]

+ * [[turpiculus]]

+ * [[turpificātus]]

+ * [[turpiloquium]]

+ * [[turpiloquus]]

+ * [[turpilucrus]]

+ * [[turpitūdō]]

+ * [[turpō]]

+ * [[turpilucricupidus]]

+ * [[turpiter]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[foedus]]

+ * [[dēfōrmis]]

+ * [[honestus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''turpis'', what offends moral feeling or decency and is opposed to ''[[honestus]]'', from ''[[taeter]]'', what is hideous and frightening, ''[[foedus]]'', what disgusts, and ''[[dēfōrmis]]'', what is unshapely.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}