cogo Latin · revision 17829

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₂eǵ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkoː.ɡoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkɔː.ɡo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cōgō''' (present infinitive cōgere, perfect active coēgī, supine coāctum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ An inscription of the Arval Brethren has ''COGVIT'' for ''cōgit''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is contracted from ⟨*co-agō⟩, formed [[af|la|con-|agō|t2=to drive]], “drive together”.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) The simple verb continues [[itc-pro|*ag-e/o-|t=to do, act]], from [[ine-pro|*h₂eǵ-|t=to drive, lead]].^(de Vaan 2008) Compare [[grc|ἄγω|tr=ágō|t=to drive, lead]] and [[sa|अजति|tr=ájati|t=drives]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has ''ut sibi latrōnēs cōgerem et cōnscrīberem'', “to collect and enlist mercenaries for him”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The first sense is “to drive together”: cattle (''Tītyre, cōge pecus'' “Tityrus, round up the flock”), people, and troops, so “to assemble, muster”, “to raise” an army or fleet and “to convene” the senate or an assembly.^(OLD 2012) It is used of gathering crops and collecting money, and ''agmen cōgere'' is “to bring up the rear”.^(OLD 2012) From “bring into a mass” come “to compress, condense, abridge”, “to thicken, curdle, congeal” and “to full” cloth.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Applied to persons it means “to drive” somewhere, “to reduce” to a condition (''in ōrdinem cōgere'' “to bring to order”) and above all “to compel, force”, of people and of circumstances (''necessitāte cōgī'').^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In argument it means “to prove conclusively”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of raising mercenaries and of compulsion (''nisi necessitāte cōgar'').^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of collecting money: ''quasi talenta ad quīndecim coēgī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of gathering olives.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar: ''coāctīs omnibus cōpiīs'', “with all his forces assembled”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil: ''Tītyre, cōge pecus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To drive together, round up (cattle, people).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To [[m|en|assemble]], [[m|en|muster]] (troops);^(OLD 2012) to raise (an army, fleet).^(OLD 2012) ''agmen cōgere'', to bring up the rear.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To summon, [[m|en|convene]] (the senate, an assembly).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To gather (crops);^(OLD 2012) to collect (money, taxes).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To bring together, concentrate.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|compress]];^(OLD 2012) to condense, abridge.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To thicken, [[m|en|curdle]], congeal;^(OLD 2012) to full (cloth), felt (wool).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To reduce (to a condition);^(OLD 2012) ''in ōrdinem cōgere'', to bring to order.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To drive, force to go.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|compel]], force, constrain.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To prove conclusively.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[coactim]]

+ * [[coactiō]]

+ * [[coāctō]]

+ * [[coāctor]]

+ * [[coactūra]]

+ * [[coāctus]]

+ * [[coagmentum]]

+ * [[coāgulum]]

+ * [[incoactus]]

+ * [[recogo]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[agō]]

+ * [[agmen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''cōgere'', to compel by force and power, from ''[[adigō|alt=adigere]]'', to bring someone to something by reflection and motives.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}