ira Latin · revision 17815

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 235–200 BC, Naevius|origins=ine-pro *h₁eys-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈiː.ra]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈiː.ra]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''īra''' ''f'' (genitive īrae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Plautus has the spelling ''eira'', and Lucretius the genitive ''īrāī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*eisā|t=anger]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₁eis-h₂-|t=anger]], from the root [[m|ine-pro|*h₁eys-|t=to set in motion, impel]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) The spelling ⟨eira⟩ in Plautus, in a pun on [[era]] “mistress”, may reflect an archaic pronunciation with ⟨ē⟩ from ⟨*ei⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[ae|aēšma-|t=wrath]], [[grc|οἶμα|tr=oîma|t=rush, swoop]] and [[m|grc|οἶστρος|tr=oîstros|t=gadfly, frenzy]], [[non|eisa|t=inrush]], [[lt|aistrà|t=violent passion]] and [[sa|इष्|tr=íṣ-|t=refreshment, strength]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Naevius on;^(de Vaan 2008) Plautus writes ''nē quid in tē malī faxit īra percita'', “lest in her roused anger she do you some harm”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Īra'' is anger, rage and indignation, and in the plural (''īrae inter …'') bad blood between people.^(OLD 2012) It is also the violence of natural forces (''īram caelīque marisque'' “the rage of sky and sea”).^(OLD 2012) In Church Latin it is the wrath of God and eternal punishment.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ English [[m|en|ire]], recorded from about 1300, comes from it through Old French ''ire''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – First found in Naevius.^(de Vaan 2008)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus puns on ''eira'' and ''era''.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence: ''īrae sunt inter Glycērium et gnātum'', “there is bad blood between Glycerium and my son”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid: ''īram caelīque marisque perpetimur''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English [[m|en|ire]], through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|anger]], [[m|en|rage]], [[m|en|wrath]], indignation.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(usually plural)'' Mutual displeasure, bad blood.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of natural forces)'' Violence, rage.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' The wrath of God, eternal punishment.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[īrācundus]]

+ * [[īrātus]]

+ * [[īrāscor]]

+ * [[īrācundia]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|ire]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein describes ''īra'' as a passion that thirsts for revenge, ''[[indignātiō]]'' as aroused moral feeling, and ''[[stomachātiō]]'' as a fit of temper; the angry man (''īrātus'') appears as an enemy, the indignant one as a judge.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}