adsum Latin · revision 17811

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₁es-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈas.sũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈad.sum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''adsum''' (present infinitive adesse, perfect active adfuī, future active participle adfutūrus); irregular conjugation, suppletive, no passive, no supine stem except in the future active participle, no gerund^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelled ''assum'', with the perfect ''affuī''.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+ Inscriptions have ''atesse'', ''atsint'' and ''arfuise'';^(OLD 2012) Plautus and inscriptions use the old subjunctive ''adsiēs'', ''adsient''.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|ad-|sum]], “to be at”.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The verb “to be” continues [[ine-pro|*h₁es-|t=to be]].^(de Vaan 2008) Oscan has the same compound in the future perfect [[m|osc|adfust]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus on: ''nunc amō, quia nōn adest'', “I love her now because she is not here”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Adesse'' is “to be present, be here”: answering a call, ''adsum'' means “here I am”, and the imperative ''ades'' “stay, don't go”.^(OLD 2012) It is used of being present as a witness or spectator, of attending a meeting, taking part, and appearing in court when summoned; of persons who have arrived (“to have come”), of a time or opportunity that has come, and of what is near or imminent.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ With the dative it means “to stand by, help”: of friends, of an advocate supporting someone in court, and of gods favourable to a prayer (''adsīs, ō Tegeaee, favēns'').^(OLD 2012) ''Adesse animō'' is “to pay attention” or “to keep one's wits”.^(OLD 2012) In Church Latin it also means “be mindful”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – First found in Plautus.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''vīsus Homērus adesse poēta'', “the poet Homer seemed to be present”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of an advocate supporting a client.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil: ''adsīs, ō Tegeaee, favēns'', “be with us, Tegean god, in favour”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be [[m|en|present]], be here;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''adsum'', here I am.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be still here, stay.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be present (as a witness or spectator);^(OLD 2012) to [[m|en|attend]] (a meeting), take part.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To appear (in answer to a summons).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To have come, have arrived;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''(of time)'' to have come.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To stand by, [[m|en|assist]], support;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''(law)'' to appear as advocate (for).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of gods)'' To be at hand with help; to look favourably on.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be near, be at hand;^(OLD 2012) ''(of time, events)'' to be imminent.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To exist, be present (of qualities);^(OLD 2012) to be present to the mind.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To pay attention;^(OLD 2012) ''adesse animō'', to attend; to keep one's wits.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sum]]

+ * [[absum]]

+ * [[praesum]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In Plautus' ''Poenulus'' ''adsum'' must be pronounced ''assum'', because the joke turns on ''assum'' “roasted”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}