sub Latin · revision 17808

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Epitaphs of the Scipios; Naevius|origins=ine-pro *upó}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsʊb]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsub]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sub''' (+ accusative, ablative)^(Wiktionary)

+ Before ''p'', ''t'', ''c'' and ''qu'' the prefix is ''sus-'' (from ''subs-''), before ''sp-'' it is ''su-'', and before ''c'', ''f'', ''g'' and ''p'' it is often assimilated (''suc-'', ''suf-'', ''sug-'', ''sup-'').^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*supo|t=down, below; upwards]], [[inh|ine-pro|*upó|t=up, from below]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The final ⟨-b⟩ may have arisen before voiced stops.^(de Vaan 2008) The use with the accusative goes back to a directional case, and the use with the ablative to both the locative (“under”) and the ablative (“from underneath”).^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Cognate with [[osc|συπ|tr=sup|t=under]], [[xum|su|t=under]] and the Umbrian prefix [[m|xum|sub-]], [[grc|ὑπό|tr=hupó|t=under]], [[sa|उप|tr=úpa|t=near, under]] and [[got|𐌿𐍆|tr=uf|t=under]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found in the epitaphs of the Scipios and in Naevius;^(de Vaan 2008) Ennius writes ''sub monte lātē specus intus patēbat'', “under the mountain a cave opened wide within”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ With the ablative ''sub'' means “under, beneath” (also under the earth or water, under a load, under arms), “at the foot of” a mountain or wall, “close to” a town, and “just behind”.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it means “under the cover or name of”, “under” the sky or exposed to weapons, “during, in the reign of”, “at the hands of”, “subject to” authority or a condition, and “under” a heading.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ With the accusative it marks movement: “to a position under”, “up to” from below, “to the foot of”; in time “just before” (''sub noctem'') and “directly after”, and “into subjection to”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''Sub hastā'' refers to auctions.^(OLD 2012) As a prefix it adds the senses of the preposition.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 3rd century BC – Used in the epitaphs of the Scipios.^(de Vaan 2008)

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Found in Naevius.^(de Vaan 2008)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''quī sub terrā ērepsistī'', “you who crept out from under the earth”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''sub monte''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with ablative)'' [[m|en|under]], [[m|en|beneath]], below;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''sub armīs'', under arms.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with ablative)'' Under (a shelter or cover); under the cloak or name of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with ablative)'' At the foot of, close to;^(OLD 2012) ''sub hastā'', at auction.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with ablative)'' Immediately behind, next to.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with ablative)'' At the approach of; during, in the reign of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with ablative)'' Under, at the hands of;^(OLD 2012) subject to (authority, a condition).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' To a position under;^(OLD 2012) up to (from below);^(OLD 2012) to the foot of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' Just before (a time);^(OLD 2012) directly after.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' Into subjection to.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[subtus]]

+ * [[supīnus]]

+ * [[dēsub]]

+ * [[sub-]]

+ * [[subinde]]

+ * [[subter]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[summus]]

+ * [[super]]

+ * [[suppus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}