tu Latin · revision 17771

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *túh₂}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtuː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtuː]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tū''' (second person singular, possessive adjective tuus)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*tū]], [[inh|ine-pro|*túh₂|t=you]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Following Kloekhorst, de Vaan notes that the /i/ of the Anatolian nominative ([[hit|zik]]) is hard to explain as secondary, so the oldest PIE nominative may have been [[m|ine-pro|*ti(H)]], replaced by ⟨*tu(H)⟩ after Anatolian split off.^(de Vaan 2008) The oblique cases come from stems in /tw-/ and /t-/: accusative and ablative ⟨tē⟩, older ⟨tēd⟩, dative ⟨tibi⟩, and the old genitive ⟨tīs⟩ of Plautus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Cognate with [[osc|tiium]] and [[xum|tiom]], [[grc|σύ|tr=sú]] (Doric [[m|grc|τύ|tr=tú]]), [[sa|त्वम्|tr=tvám]], [[got|𐌸𐌿|tr=þu]] and [[en|thou]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is recorded from the oldest Latin on; the old ablative ''tēd'' appears in the oldest inscriptions, and the pronoun is used in the Twelve Tables.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As with ''[[ego]]'', the nominative is mostly emphatic, since the verb already shows the person, but colloquial Latin also uses it with little emphasis (''ain tu?'' “you don't say?”).^(OLD 2012) The dative can be “ethic” in lively speech, and ''tū'' can address anyone at all, an indefinite “you”.^(OLD 2012) Emphatic forms are ''tūte'', ''tūtemet'' and the doubled ''tētē'';^(OLD 2012) ''cum'' follows it to make ''[[tēcum]]''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ The plural is ''[[vōs]]''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – Used in the Twelve Tables.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''o Tite tute Tati tibi tanta tyranne tulisti''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses the old genitive ''tīs'' and the ablative ''tēd''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|you]] (singular), [[m|en|thou]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''(oblique cases)'' you, yourself.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(ethic dative)'' For you, mark you (in lively speech).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(indefinite)'' You, one (anyone at all).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''ad tē'', ''ex tē'', to or from your house.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[tuus]]

+ * [[tēcum]]

+ * [[tūte]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ego]]

+ * [[vōs]]

+ * [[en|thou]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}