ad Latin · revision 17770

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *h₂ed}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈad]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈad]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ad''' (+ accusative)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*ad|t=to]], [[inh|ine-pro|*h₂ed|t=to, near, at]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The accusative construction is thought to continue an old directional case that merged with the accusative.^(Wiktionary) Early inscriptions also have a form ⟨ar⟩ before labials and /w/, as in [[m|la|arvorsum]] and ⟨arfuisse⟩.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Cognate with [[osc|ad-]] and [[xum|ař-]], [[sga|ad-]], [[xtg|ad-]], [[got|𐌰𐍄|tr=at]] and [[en|at]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found in the Twelve Tables;^(Köbler 2010) the OLD's first citation is from Livius Andronicus' ''Odyssey'': ''ad aedis vēnimus Circae'' “we came to Circe's house”.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From motion towards a place (“to, towards”) it came to mark arrival in someone's presence (“before a magistrate”), a goal or purpose (''ad bellum'' “for war”), a limit in space, number or time (“as far as, until”), nearness (“near, at”), and approximate number (“about”).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) It also means “in comparison with” and “according to”.^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ As the prefix ''[[ad-]]'' it usually assimilates to the next consonant (''accēdō'', ''afferō'', ''aggredior'').^(OLD 2012) In Medieval Latin it often stands in place of the dative after verbs of saying and giving.^(MLW)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – Used in the Twelve Tables.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 280–200 BC – Livius Andronicus writes ''ad aedis vēnimus Circae''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato tells the grafter to tie the shoots ''ad medullam'', to the pith.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with accusative)'' [[m|en|to]], towards, up to, into; to the house of.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # On to, against; in contact with.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Before, in the presence of (a magistrate, the people).^(OLD 2012)

+ # For, with a view to (a purpose).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # As far as, up to (a limit); until (a time).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Near, by, at.^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # About, nearly (with numbers).^(Wiktionary)

+ # In comparison with; according to.^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[quoad]]

+ * [[ad-]]

+ * [[adeō]]

+ * [[adversus]]

+ * [[apud]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|at]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}