ut Latin · revision 17768

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *kʷu-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈʊt]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈut]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ut''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It goes back to [[m|itc-pro|*kʷutV(s)|t=how]], from the PIE interrogative stem [[ine-pro|*kʷu-|t=where, how]], with loss of the labiovelar as in [[ubi]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) The ending is uncertain.^(OLD 2012) De Vaan considers an original [[m|itc-pro|*kʷu-tos]], with the suffix ⟨*-tos⟩ “from” seen in [[intus]], or [[m|itc-pro|*kʷu-ti]], with the ⟨*-ti⟩ of [[et]] and [[aut]]; the long ⟨ī⟩ of the older form ⟨utī⟩ may be analogical to the adverb [[quī]] “how”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[osc|puz|t=that, as]] and [[xum|puze]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The older form ''utī'' appears in the Twelve Tables, ''ut'' from Livius Andronicus on.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As an adverb ''ut'' means “how?” and “how!”, then “as” (''ut … ita'' “as … so”), “as for example”, and “like” in similes.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) As a [[m|en|conjunction]] with the subjunctive it introduces purpose (“in order that”), result (“so that”), indirect commands and wishes, and concessions (“granted that, although”); with the indicative it also means “when, as soon as”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) After verbs of fearing it means “that not”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ The full form ''utī'' grew rare after Cicero but was favoured by archaizing writers such as Sallust.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – ''utī'' in the Twelve Tables.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses ''ut'' in questions and exclamations: ''ut miser est homo quī amat!''^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86–34 BC – Sallust keeps the archaic ''utī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(interrogative)'' [[m|en|how]]? in what way?^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(exclamatory)'' How!^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|as]], just as;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''ut … ita'', as … so.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # As for example; such as.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Like (in similes).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # ''(with subjunctive)'' In order that, so that (purpose).^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(with subjunctive)'' So that, with the result that.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with subjunctive)'' That (after verbs of asking, ordering, happening).^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with subjunctive)'' Granted that, although.^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(with indicative)'' When, as soon as.^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(after verbs of fearing)'' That not.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[utinam]]

+ * [[utut]]

+ * [[utcumque]]

+ * [[praeut]]

+ * [[prout]]

+ * [[sīcut]]

+ * [[velut]]

+ * [[utique]]

+ * [[utpote]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ubi]]

+ * [[quī]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ After a comparative in a clause of purpose ''[[quō]]'' takes the place of ''ut''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}