se Latin · revision 17767

18 Oct 2026, 18:36 by bogdan “Latin la10k: tu, ad, si, ut, se, sed, ipse, suus, ex, atque”
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *se}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈseː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsɛː]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''sē''' or '''sēsē''' (genitive suī, dative sibi, accusative and ablative sē); reflexive pronoun^(OLD 2012)
+ The oldest inscriptions write the accusative and ablative ''sēd'' and the dative ''sibei''.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*sē]], [[inh|ine-pro|*se|t=oneself]].^(de Vaan 2008) The long vowel comes from the stressed accusative; the old final ⟨-d⟩ (⟨sēd⟩) is the ablative ending, perhaps inherited, used also for the accusative.^(de Vaan 2008) The genitive ⟨suī⟩ continues the genitive of the possessive [[suus]].^(de Vaan 2008) According to de Vaan the PIE accusative took the /u/ of the possessive, giving [[m|ine-pro|*swe]] in stressed position.^(de Vaan 2008)
+ 
+ Cognate with [[osc|siom]] and [[xum|seso]], [[got|𐍃𐌹𐌺|tr=sik]] and [[cu|сѧ|tr=sę]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ It is found in the Twelve Tables and in Livius Andronicus, who writes ''ipsus sē in terram … fligit'' “he dashes himself to the ground”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ ''Sē'' refers back to the subject of its clause (“himself, herself, itself, themselves”) and, in reported speech and other dependent clauses, to the subject of the main verb.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''Per sē'' means “by one's own efforts” or “in itself”, and ''quid hoc sibi vult?'' “what does this mean?”.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ Its old ablative ''sēd'', ''sē'' “by oneself, apart” became a preposition “without” in early laws (''sē fraude'' “without penalty”, Twelve Tables), the prefix ''sē-'' “apart” (''sēcēdō'', ''sēcūrus''), and the conjunction ''[[sed]]''.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use both the pronoun and ''sē fraude'' “without penalty”.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 280–200 BC – Livius Andronicus: ''ipsus sē in terram … fligit''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 2nd century AD – Festus, in Paul the Deacon's epitome, records that the ancients used ''sē'' for ''sine''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Pronoun===
+ # [[m|en|himself]], herself, itself, themselves (referring to the subject).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # Him, her, them (referring to the subject of the main verb in reported speech).^(OLD 2012)
+ # Oneself (with an indefinite subject).^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''per sē'', by oneself, unaided; in itself.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ===Preposition===
+ # ''(Old Latin, with ablative)'' [[m|en|without]]: ''sē fraude'', without penalty.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[suus]]
+ * [[sēcum]]
+ * [[sed]]
+ * [[sēmet]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[sine]]
+ * [[ipse]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}