quod Latin · revision 17756

18 Oct 2026, 18:36 by bogdan “Latin la10k: iam, neque, tamen, quod, tuus, iste, nos, nunc, quidem, nam”
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *kʷód}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkʷɔd]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkʷɔd]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''quod''' ^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is the neuter of the relative pronoun [[quī]], [[inh|itc-pro|*kʷod]], [[inh|ine-pro|*kʷód]], used as an adverb and conjunction.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Lewis & Short explain it as an accusative of respect, “in respect of which”, whence “because, that”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ Cognate with [[ang|hwæt]] and [[en|what]].^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ As a conjunction it is found from Plautus on: ''iam diū est quod ventrī vīctum nōn datis'' “it is a long time now since you gave my belly food”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ ''Quod'' introduces the fact that something is so (“that, the fact that”), the reason (“because, since”), and the point from which a time is reckoned (“since”).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) At the start of a sentence it means “as to the fact that” or “now, but” (''quod sī'' “but if”).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ After verbs of perceiving and saying it could introduce reported speech in place of the accusative and infinitive, a use that became common in Late and Medieval Latin.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses ''quod'' to reckon time.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero thanks someone ''quod mē vīvere coēgistī'', “because you forced me to live”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * Late Latin – ''quod'' introduces indirect speech.^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Conjunction===
+ # [[m|en|because]], since, in that.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)
+ # That, the fact that.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # Since (reckoning a time).^(OLD 2012)
+ # As to the fact that, with regard to.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # ''(beginning a sentence)'' Now, but: ''quod sī'', but if.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # ''(Late and Medieval Latin)'' That (introducing reported speech).^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[quodsī]]
+ * [[quamobrem]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[quid]]
+ * [[quī]]
+ * [[quia]]
+ * [[quoniam]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}