pro Latin · revision 17742

18 Oct 2026, 18:36 by bogdan “Latin la10k: at, an, pro, autem, sine, nihil, modo, quia, quidam, apud”
Initial text

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 450 BC, Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *pró}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈproː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈprɔː]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''prō''' (+ ablative, accusative)^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*prō|t=before]], [[inh|ine-pro|*pro|t=in front of, before]];^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary takes the long vowel from an instrumental [[m|ine-pro|*próh₁]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) A short ⟨pro-⟩ occurs in some old compounds such as [[procul]], [[probus]] and [[proprius]]; the variant ⟨prōd-⟩ before vowels (“prōdeō”) is recent, built after ⟨red-⟩.^(de Vaan 2008) The interjection “prō!” is the same word.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ Cognate with [[osc|pru]] and [[xum|pro-]], [[sa|प्र|tr=pra-]] and [[grc|πρό|tr=pró]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ It is found in the Twelve Tables and in Livius Andronicus.^(Köbler 2010)^(de Vaan 2008)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ ''Prō'' first means “in front of, before” (''prō aede Castoris'' “in front of the temple of Castor”, ''prō rostrīs'' “from the speaker's platform”).^(OLD 2012) From standing in front of someone came “on behalf of, in defence of, for”, then “instead of, in place of” (''prō cōnsule'', the source of [[prōcōnsul]]), “in return for”, “in proportion to, according to” and “as, like”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) With ''esse'' it means “in favour of”.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ The interjection ''prō!'' (''prōh'') expresses wonder or grief: ''prō Iuppiter!''^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Medieval Latin used ''prō'' for purpose and cause (“for, because of”), and Late Latin increasingly with the accusative.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 450 BC – Used in the Twelve Tables.^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''hostium prō moene'', in front of the enemy's wall; also the cry ''prō Iuppiter!''^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks ''prō capite'', in defence of a man's civil rights.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 550–1150 – Medieval Latin uses it for purpose and cause.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Preposition===
+ # ''(with ablative)'' In front of, [[m|en|before]].^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)
+ # On behalf of, in the interest of, [[m|en|for]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+ # In favour of, on the side of.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Instead of, in place of; as (in an office).^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)
+ # In return for.^(Wiktionary)
+ # According to, in proportion to.^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)
+ # As, like; as befits.^(Wiktionary)
+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' For (a purpose); because of.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ ===Interjection===
+ # O! ah! alas! (of wonder or grief).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[pro-]]
+ * [[prōnus]]
+ * [[prōtinus]]
+ * [[prope]]
+ * [[prōcōnsul]]
+ * [[prōnōmen]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[per]]
+ * [[prae]]
+ * [[prior]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}