sine Latin · revision 17740

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *sn̥h₁-i}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsɪ.nɛ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsiː.ne]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sine''' (+ ablative)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ De Vaan derives it from [[m|itc-pro|*sn(H)i]], [[inh|ine-pro|*sn̥h₁-i]], perhaps an old locative, with Celtic and Indo-Iranian cognates: [[sga|sain-|t=especially, different]], [[sa|सनुतर्|tr=sanutár|t=away, aside]] and [[grc|ἄνευ|tr=áneu|t=without]].^(de Vaan 2008) The OLD also compares [[m|grc|ἄτερ|tr=áter|t=without]] and Old English [[m|ang|sundor|t=apart]].^(OLD 2012)

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+ An older view, given by Lewis & Short, analyses it as ⟨si⟩ + the negative “ne”;^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary notes that the meaning “without” was earlier expressed by [[sē]], ⟨sēd⟩, and that some connect the ⟨si-⟩ with that word.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus on: ''sine dolōre peperit'' “she gave birth without pain”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Sine'' means “without”, of things (''sine perīculō'' “safely”), persons (“in the absence of”), aid or use (''sine pinnīs volāre'' “to fly without wings”), and things one fails to bring.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In verse it is sometimes put after its noun.^(OLD 2012) Terence writes ''sine Cerere et Līberō friget Venus'' “without food and wine love grows cold”.^(OLD 2012)

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+ ''Sine quā nōn'' “without which nothing” names an indispensable condition.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin also used ''sine'' for “besides, not counting”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''sine dolōre peperit''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''ōrātor sine pāce redit'', the envoy comes back without peace.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence: ''sine Cerere et Līberō friget Venus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 550–1150 – Medieval Latin uses it for “besides”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with ablative)'' [[m|en|without]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Without the presence of, in the absence of (a person).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Without the help or use of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Besides, not counting.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sē]]

+ * [[cum]]

+ * [[absque]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}