quidem Latin · revision 17731

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=c. 235–200 BC, Naevius|origins=la quis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkʷɪ.dẽː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkʷiː.dem]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''quidem''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The OLD calls the origin doubtful.^(OLD 2012) Wiktionary takes it as the neuter [[m|la|quid]] of [[quis]] with an emphatic ending ⟨*-em⟩, the same as in [[īdem]] beside [[is]].^(Wiktionary) Köbler connects the second part with the PIE particle [[ine-pro|*de-|t=here, then]].^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Naevius on.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Quidem'' stresses the word it follows: “indeed, at any rate, at least”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It confirms a whole statement (“in fact”), contrasts two terms, makes a concession (''quidem … sed'' “admittedly … but”), and adds an afterthought (''et quidem'' “and at that”).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ''Nē … quidem'' “not even” encloses the stressed word, and ''[[equidem]]'' is a strengthened form.^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – First found in Naevius.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''verbīs nōn ille quidem ōrnātīs ūtēbātur sed tamen nōn abiectīs'' “his words were not ornate, but not mean either”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses ''sibi quidem persuādērī''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|indeed]], certainly, at any rate, at least.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # In fact, assuredly (stressing a whole statement).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Admittedly, it is true (in concessions).^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''et quidem'', and what is more, and at that.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''nē … quidem'', not even.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[equidem]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[quis]]

+ * [[īdem]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}