sed Latin · revision 17726

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 280–200 BC, Livius Andronicus|origins=ine-pro *se}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsɛd]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsɛd]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sed''' ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the old ablative ⟨sēd⟩ of the reflexive pronoun [[sē]], with the vowel shortened.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) De Vaan explains that ⟨*sēd⟩ first meant “by itself, for itself”, which became “however, but” in the conjunction and “without, apart” in the preposition ⟨sē⟩ and the prefix ⟨sē-⟩.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The pronoun goes back to [[ine-pro|*se|t=oneself]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Charisius and Marius Victorinus report an older form ⟨sedum⟩, which Lewis & Short doubt.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Livius Andronicus on; the spelling ''set'' is used by Cato.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Sed'' marks a turn in speech: it breaks in with a new point, dismisses a subject (''sed quid ego haec memorō?'' “but why do I tell this?”), returns after a digression, and introduces a contrast (“but, however”).^(OLD 2012) After a negative it gives the correct alternative (''nōn … sed'' “not … but”).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) With ''tamen'' it means “but at any rate”, and ''sed enim'' “but in fact”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It usually stands first in its clause, though poets sometimes put it later.^(OLD 2012) Niermeyer records the medieval sense “because, for”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 280–200 BC – First found in Livius Andronicus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius: ''sed quid ego haec memorō?''^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato writes ''set''.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 550–1150 – Medieval Latin also uses it for “because”.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|but]], however (contrasting).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # But (breaking off, or passing to a new point); but to return.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(after a negative)'' But, but rather: ''nōn … sed'', not … but.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Yes, and what is more.^(OLD 2012)

+ # But only; but at any rate (''sed tamen'').^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Because, for.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sē]]

+ * [[at]]

+ * [[autem]]

+ * [[vērum]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Lewis & Short call ''sed'' a particle of limitation, exception or correction, and compare ''[[at]]'' and ''[[autem]]''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}