atque Latin · revision 17722

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=compound|attested=c. 280–200 BC, Livius Andronicus|origins=la at, la -que}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈat.kʷɛ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈat.kʷe]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''atque''' ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a compound with the enclitic [[-que]] “and”, but the first part is disputed.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan thinks [[af|la|at|-que]] more likely, since a compound with [[ad]] would be expected to keep or restore ⟨ad⟩; the TLL also sees ⟨at⟩ rather than ⟨ad⟩ in it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL) The OLD derives it from ⟨ad-⟩ and ⟨-que⟩, and Dunkel's interpretation as [[m|itc-pro|*ad-kʷe]], based on a line of Ennius in which the doubled conjunction means “nearer and nearer”, is called not implausible by de Vaan.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) The comparison with [[xum|ape|t=when, as soon as]] is uncertain because the meanings differ.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

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+ The short form [[ac]] stands mostly before consonants.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Livius Andronicus on.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Atque'' adds a more particular or emphatic term (“and also, and what is more”), opens an emphatic sentence (“and indeed”), introduces a fresh point, and corrects or strengthens what precedes (''atque adeō'' “and in fact”, ''ac potius'' “or rather”).^(OLD 2012) After words of likeness and difference it means “as, than” (''aliter atque'' “otherwise than”).^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)^(Niermeyer 1976)

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+ Döderlein notes that ''atque'' and ''ac'' join near-synonyms, unlike ''[[et]]'' and ''[[-que]]''.^(Döderlein 1874) In British Medieval Latin it was less common than in Classical Latin, and ''ac'' was no longer limited to consonants.^(DMLBS)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 280–200 BC – First found in Livius Andronicus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it to announce someone just mentioned: ''atque eccum ipsum hominem'' “and look, here's the man himself”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses ''atque adeō'' to correct and strengthen a term.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|and]], and also, and what is more.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # And indeed, and in fact (opening an emphatic sentence).^(OLD 2012)

+ # And now (introducing a new point).^(OLD 2012)

+ # And even;^(OLD 2012) ''ac potius'', or rather.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(after words of likeness or difference)'' As, than.^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # Yet, nevertheless.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ac]]

+ * [[at]]

+ * [[et]]

+ * [[-que]]

+ * [[atquī]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}